Prevention and Control of Continuous Cropping Obstacle of Watermelon by Reductive Soil Disinfestation (RSD)

This study aimed to explore whether reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) is an effective method of controlling continuous cropping obstacle of watermelon. Samples of watermelon continuous cropping soils were treated by RSD in laboratory tests and pot experiments in August 2015 and from December 10, 2016 to April 10, 2017. The soil samples for the laboratory test were divided into 16 groups, and each group comprised three parallel samples of 100 g (dry soil weight). Except for the original and control (CK) samples, the 14 other groups of soil samples were treated with different combinations of 1% or 3% alfalfa powder, 1% or 3% ammonia (NH₃) water, and 1% or 3% acetic acid. The soil samples were placed inside size-five self-styled plastic bags and incubated in a constant-temperature biochemical incubator at 35°C for 14 days after blending, flooding, and sealing. Seven groups of soil samples were designed for the pot experiments based on the laboratory test results. Each group consisted of 30 parallel samples of 3 kg (dry soil weight). These samples were incubated outdoors for 4 months after mixing with alfalfa powder and/or NH₃ and/or acetic acid according to the experimental design, blending, flooding, and sealing. Watermelon seedlings were planted in the air-dried soil samples from May to July in 2017. The results showed that the pH of the soil samples treated by RSD were elevated except for those samples with acetic acid. In addition, the electrical conductivities of the soil samples treated by RSD were effectively adjusted. The presence of soil-borne pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum was significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) in soil samples treated by RSD, and the incidence and mortality rate of watermelons planted in these samples were remarkably lower than those planted in the CK and flooded CK soil samples. Therefore, continuous cropping obstacle of watermelon can be controlled by RSD.     

深海嗜热菌Geobacillus sp. EPT3锰超氧化物歧化酶的纯化与生物化学鉴定

Thermostable SOD is a promising enzyme in biotechnological applications. In the present study, thermophile Geobacillus sp. EPT3 was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal field in the East Pacific. A thermostable superoxide dismutase(SOD) from this strain was purified to homogeneity by steps of fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, and Phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. SOD was purified 13.4 fold to homogeneity with a specific activity of 3 354 U/mg and 11.1% recovery. SOD from Geobacillus sp. EPT3 was of the Mn-SOD type, judged by the insensitivity of the enzyme to both KCN and H2O2. SOD was determined to be a homodimer with monomeric molecular mass of 26.0 k Da. It had high thermostability at 50°C and 60°C. At tested conditions, SOD was relatively stable in the presence of some inhibitors and denaturants, such as β-mercaptoethanol(β-ME), dithiothreitol(DTT), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride(PMSF), urea, and guanidine hydrochloride. Geobacillus sp. EPT3 SOD showed striking stability across a wide p H range from 5.0 to 11.0. It could withstand denaturants of extremely acidic and alkaline conditions, which makes it useful in the industrial applications.     

大泷六线鱼仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的研究

摘要：利用人工孵化得到的大泷六线鱼（Hexagrammos otakii Jordan et Starks）初孵仔鱼,在水温16±0.5℃,盐度31条件下,研究了饥饿对大泷六线鱼前期仔鱼生长的影响,并确定仔鱼的初次摄食饥饿不可逆点（PNR）。结果表明,仔鱼3日龄开口摄食,卵黄于7日龄消耗完毕,油球于8日龄消耗完毕,混合营养期为5-6天,饥饿对仔鱼卵黄吸收速度影响显著（P＜0.05）,对油球的吸收在仔鱼开口前影响不显著（P＞0.05）,仔鱼开口后影响显著（P＜0.05）。摄食仔鱼生长呈线性增加,饥饿仔鱼生长呈现先升高后降低的趋势。仔鱼饥饿不可逆点出现在8日龄和9日龄之间。     

Long‐term demographic and reproductive trends in Ciona intestinalis sp. A

Ciona intestinalis sp. A (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) is a marine invertebrate with a widespread distribution and high invasive potential, yet little is known about its ecology. Here, the macrodynamics of demographic and reproductive trends were first determined using archive data covering 2002–2012. Species abundance in the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Campania, Italy ‐ NW Mediterranean) displayed Poisson distribution across 2002–2008, massive die‐off in 2009/2010 and population recovery in 2011/2012. We defined the seasonal ranges of sea surface temperature in which sampling size, animal size and reproductive status reached their highest values. In 2003/2004, self and non‐self fertilization appeared to follow reverse trends across the year. The long‐term recording run here on Ciona intestinalis sp. A provides novel insights into its population biology and ecology, and represents a valuable tool for sampling management and research planning.     

两种蓝细菌中7对毒素-抗毒素系统的分析和鉴定

蓝细菌(cyanobacteria)是一类能进行放氧光合作用的原核生物。蓝细菌生长速度较快, 几乎存在于所有的陆地和水生环境中。毒素-抗毒素(toxin-antitoxin, TA)系统在原核生物中分布十分广泛, 在细菌的生命活动中扮演了重要的角色, 如维持水平基因转移元件的稳定性以及应对环境胁迫压力等。已有的基因组分析表明, 蓝细菌基因组中含有大量潜在的毒素-抗毒素系统, 但是目前对蓝细菌毒素-抗毒素系统的实验鉴定仍较少。本文分别以淡水和海水代表菌株集胞藻PCC6803(Synechocystis sp. PCC6803)和聚球藻WH7803(Synechococcus sp. WH7803)为研究对象, 对二者基因组上的毒素-抗毒素系统进行预测, 并选取预测结果中的7对潜在的毒素-抗毒素系统进行实验验证。结果表明, 集胞藻PCC6803的两对毒素-抗毒素系统BAD01932-1933 和 BAA18559-New ORF7中的毒素具有明显的细胞毒性。本文的研究结果有助于后续对蓝细菌毒素-抗毒素系统及其生态和生物学功能的研究。     

别样玫瑰变色杆菌(Aliiroseovarius sp.)Z3基因组测序及比较基因组分析

菌株Z3是一株从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道样品中分离出的细菌。本研究利用Illumina HiSeq测序平台对其进行了测序, 用SOAPdenovo等软件进行基因组组装、系统发育分析、基因预测和功能注释, 并与别样玫瑰变色杆菌属(Aliiroseovarius)已知的5个种的模式株进行了比较基因组分析。基因组注释结果显示, Z3基因组大小为3525503bp, GC(guanylate and cytidylic acid)含量为59.4%, 预测包含3509个编码蛋白基因。通过16S rRNA基因全长序列比对、平均核苷酸一致性(ANI)、DNA-DNA杂交(DDH)和共线性分析发现, 菌株Z3与Aliiroseovarius crassostreae CV919-312T的16S rRNA基因全长序列相似度最高, 为98.20%, 与Aliiroseovarius sediminilitoris DSM 29439T的DDH和ANI值最高, 分别为26.80%和84.95%, 属于Alliroseovarius属的新种, 将其命名为Aliiroseovarius sp. Z3。经比较基因组分析发现, Aliiroseovarius sp. Z3与5个近缘的模式株细菌共享2005个直系同源核心基因簇; Z3拥有的413个独立基因经注释, 主要与碳水化合物转运与代谢、氨基酸转运与代谢、复制、重组及修复等功能相关。功能注释发现Z3具有进行完整的反硝化途径的相关基因, 其利用的可能是环境中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐等。本研究对Z3全基因序列的注释、功能和比较基因组的分析, 不仅丰富了Aliiroseovarius属细菌基因组资源, 还为深入研究其反硝化特性等提供了基础。     

Accumulation and speciation of selenium in Cardamine sp. in Yutangba Se Mining Field,Enshi, China

A naturally selenium-accumulating Cardamine sp. is growing in Yutangba Selenium Mining Field, Enshi area, Hubei Province, China, where the geochemical environment is selenium-enriched and endemic selenosis ever occurred in humans. The present study investigated the characteristics of accumulation, speciation and quantity of selenium in Cardamine sp. with HPLC-ICP-MS. Results show that Cardamine sp. can accumulate Se at most 1427 mg/kg in seedling leaves. Even after the biomass incensement of growing up, the plant still could accumulate Se up to several hundred of mg/kg in concentration. Moreover, the biomass enrichment coefficient （BEC） of Se is exceedingly high, in the seedling leaves mostly, higher than 50 mg/kg; in the range of 43.7-68 mg/kg; and the lowest value is higher than 3 mg/kg in mature fronds. Se is present in the plant predominantly in form of SeCys2 with the highest concentration in seeds; up to 1081 mg/kg as Se. In contrast, SeCysz levels are low during early growth period; they are 136.1 mg/kg as Se in seedling fronds and 39.4 mg/kg as Se in mature fronds, respectively. SeMet concentration is comparatively low; 10.6 mg/kg as Se in seedling frond and 5.3 mg/kg as Se in half mature fronds, respectively. This indicates that Cardamine sp. is extremely efficient in extracting Se from soil and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. Therefore, Cardamine sp., found in Yutangba Se Mining Field may be a new Se hyperaccumulator. It is still uncertain whether the Se-accumulation or detoxification of Cardamine sp. happens through the pathway of SeCys methylated to form Se-methylselenoCys or through the formation of Se-carboxymethyl- selenohomocysteine. Indeed, further study should be carried out on the determination of more Se species to explain the high Se hyperaccumulation in Cardamine sp.     

New fossil booklice from the Cretaceous amber of Myanmar (Psocodea: Troctomorpha: Amphientometae: Manicapsocidae)

Palaeomanicapsocus margoae gen. et sp. nov. and Palaeomanicapsocus fouadi gen. et sp. nov. are characterized, described, illustrated, from the Cretaceous Burmese amber. Their phylogenetic position is discussed. These fossil taxa are the first manicapsocid barklice to be described from the Burmese amber.     

A new dragonfly family from the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber (Odonata: Aeshnoptera: Burmaeshnidae)

The third Cretaceous Aeshnoptera in amber is described from Myanmar. It represents a new family Burmaeshnidae fam. nov., genus and species Burmaeshna azari gen. et sp. nov. Its exact affinities remain uncertain but it is probably the sister group of the Late Cretaceous family Enigmaeshnidae. This discovery supports the hypothesis of an intense period of appearance of many aeshnopteran subclades during the late Early Cretaceous and the Late Cretaceous.     

篮状菌DYM25胞外产物的初步鉴定及其生物学活性

本研究以西太平洋雅浦海沟分离得到的篮状菌(Talaromyces sp.)DYM25为实验菌株,通过水饱和正丁醇萃取菌株DYM25的胞外产物,利用生物碱沉淀显色法初步考察胞外产物的种类,进而研究了胞外产物的抗菌、抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性。结果表明,1 L菌株DYM25的发酵液通过水饱和正丁醇萃取旋蒸后可得到约2 g的产物;生物碱显色反应预示着胞外产物中生物碱盐类物质的存在;篮状菌DYM25胞外产物对枯萎病致病菌木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)的生长具有显著的抑制作用,是篮状菌作为F.equiseti拮抗菌的首次报道。同时,此胞外产物还具有一定的抗氧化活性和抗肿瘤活性,其抗氧化能力随产物浓度的升高而增强,对人胰腺癌细胞PANC-1的抑制能力也呈现出一定的浓度依赖性。篮状菌DYM25多样的生物活性凸显了其良好的研究价值和应用前景。