澄黄滨珊瑚、大管孔珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚性腺发育与繁殖力的研究

运用组织学显微观察方法,以徐闻珊瑚礁保护区澄黄滨珊瑚(Porites lutea)、大管孔珊瑚(Goniopora djiboutiensis)和丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis)为研究对象,研究了其性腺发育周期、配子排放时间和有性繁殖类型和繁殖力。结果表明:澄黄滨珊瑚和大管孔珊瑚的繁殖类型为排出配子体外受精的雌雄异体型,丛生盔形珊瑚为排出配子体外受精的雌雄同体型。3种珊瑚的配子发育均为年发育周期,可划分为4个时相。澄黄滨珊瑚卵母细胞发育始于11月底12月初,经5—6个月发育成熟;精巢在2月中下旬开始发育,经3—4个月发育成熟。大管孔珊瑚卵母细胞发育始于9月中旬,经8—9个月发育成熟;精巢在3月初开始发育,至5月底发育成熟。丛生盔形珊瑚卵母细胞发育始于8月中旬至9月初,经9—10个月发育成熟,精巢在11月开始发育,但卵母细胞发育成熟时精巢并未发育成熟。3种珊瑚排卵时间集中在5—6月份,澄黄滨珊瑚从5月初持续到月底,大管孔珊瑚从5月中旬持续到6月底,丛生盔形珊瑚从5月底持续到6月中旬。珊瑚生殖腺螅体内脂质含量随着生殖腺的发育成熟而逐渐升高,3种珊瑚螅体内脂质含量差异显著(P0.05)。大管孔珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚与澄黄滨珊瑚比较,成熟卵母细胞直径较大、单个螅体内成熟生殖腺和单个生殖腺卵母细胞数量均较多,而单位面积内螅体数量较少。3种珊瑚单位面积螅体内所含的总卵母细胞数量差异不显著。     

海南岛南岸三亚湾海水Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca变化及对珊瑚微量元素温度计的响应

本文对海南岛南岸三亚湾2008~2009年海水的周间隔取样,用全谱直读等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)分析方法对其Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值进行了测定。结果显示其比值（Sr/Ca=8.558~9.227mmol/mol,Mg/Ca=4.924~5.403 mol/mol）与全球各大洋和主要珊瑚礁区有明显地高异常偏差,而且在春末夏初和秋末冬初两个过渡期,三亚湾海水Sr/Ca比值波动幅度比Mg/Ca相对较大,且体现了一定的差异性。在此基础上,结合海水的Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值在时间和地域空间上的变化对珊瑚温度计标定的影响,及对不同站点建立的珊瑚Sr/Ca温度计进行了重新校正,并与分配系数法对比分析,我们认为利用珊瑚的Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值重建古SST记录时必须综合考虑包括海水微量元素比值变化在内的各种影响因素对温度计标定的干扰。     

Winners and Losers in Marine Conservation: Fishers' Displacement and Livelihood Benefits from Marine Reserves

Marine reserves can create both benefits and costs to fishers. This article explores the perceptions of fishers in Kenya and Seychelles about displacement, spillover, and overall impacts of local marine reserves on their livelihoods. We test whether these perceptions are different among fishers from different geographic and socioeconomic conditions. Sixty-six percent of fishers had been displaced from marine reserves or coastal development and 90% believed they had caught fishes that spilled over from marine reserves. Poorer fishers in Kenya were both displaced from, and also felt like they benefited from, marine reserves. This highlights how people's experiences with marine reserves, both positive and negative, are affected by a range of social considerations that may not be incorporated in typical evaluations of ecological and economic marine reserve success.     

Genetic connectivity of the coral‐eating sea star Acanthaster planci during the severe outbreak of 2006–2009 in the Society Islands,French Polynesia

Occasional population outbreaks of the crown‐of‐thorns sea star, Acanthaster planci, are a major threat to coral reefs across the Indo‐Pacific. The presumed association between the serial nature of these outbreaks and the long larval dispersal phase makes it important to estimate larval dispersal; many studies have examined the population genetic structure of A. planci for this purpose using different genetic markers. However, only a few have focused on reef‐scale as well as archipelago‐scale genetic structure and none has used a combination of different genetic markers with different effective population sizes. In our study, we used both mtDNA and microsatellite loci to examine A. planci population genetic structure at multiple spatial scales (from <2 km to almost 300 km) within and among four islands of the Society Archipelago, French Polynesia. Our analysis detected no significant genetic structure based on mtDNA (global F_ST = ?0.007, P = 0.997) and low levels of genetic structure using microsatellite loci (global F_ST = 0.006, P = 0.005). We found no significant isolation by distance patterns within the study area for either genetic marker. The overall genetically homogenized pattern found in both the mitochondrial and nuclear loci of A. planci in the Society Archipelago underscores the significant role of larval dispersal that may cause secondary outbreaks, as well as possible recent colonization in this area.     

Spatial discordance in fish,coral, and sponge assemblages across a Caribbean atoll reef gradient

Certain biodiversity patterns on coral reefs are generally consistent but we still lack fundamental insight into how assemblages vary across spatially heterogeneous reef systems. We compared fish, coral, and sponge assemblages across a symmetrical physiographical gradient (windward forereef, lagoon patch reef, leeward forereef) of the Glover's Reef atoll, Belize. Species richness of fishes and corals was highest in the deep habitat (15 m) on the windward forereef. Sponges were diverse and abundant on both deep windward and leeward forereefs but not on the exposed shallow (5 m) windward forereef. Fish and benthic assemblages were relatively distinct in each reef zone, with the lagoon patch reef communities consisting of a combination of leeward and windward species. Nevertheless, there were no clear patterns in community similarity matrices of fish and benthic assemblages, suggesting that overall coral and sponge assemblages had weak or no direct association with patterns in fish assemblages. A closer examination of fish trophic groups indicated that planktivores and predators were predictably associated with depth, whereas herbivores were associated with shallow protected reefs. None was specifically associated with spatial location along the atoll gradient. These patterns of diversity distribution are important for identifying spatial conservation priorities. A Marine Protected Area (MPA) at Glover's Reef encompasses substantial windward forereef and patch reef habitats. A much lesser extent of protection is afforded the leeward forereef that supports faunal assemblages that are unique and productive, if not as diverse as the windward forereef. Isolated coral atolls can serve as ideal systems to study spatial heterogeneity and biodiversity patterns, but more experimental studies are needed to reveal the mechanistic processes underlying these patterns.     

风作用下孤立波在珊瑚礁上传播变形机制数值模拟研究

基于二维不可压缩两相流模型建立了数值风浪水槽,采用SST k-ω雷诺时均湍流模型,研究了风作用下孤立波在珊瑚礁上的传播变形规律。将计算结果与实验数据对比,证明了该两相流模型计算孤立波在珊瑚礁上传播的准确性,并进一步分析了不同风速对珊瑚礁上孤立波传播变形的影响。结果表明：风的作用会使波面发生随机脉动特征。当地波高随风速的增大而增大;当地波高关于风速的变化梯度随入射波高的增大而增大。风的作用会加快孤立波的传播并且使孤立波提前发生破碎;孤立波开始破碎的位置随风速的增大向远离礁坪的方向移动。反射系数随风速的增大而增大;反射系数关于风速的变化梯度随入射波高的增大而减小;透射系数随风速的增大呈增大趋势。平底区波峰剖面同一水深处的水平流速随风速的增大而增大;且一定的风速不改变水平流速沿水深的变化梯度。有风时波面上方的矢量密度和大小均明显高于无风时且与风速呈正相关,并且波峰上方气流不再循环。随着风速的增大,水气交界面附近的正涡量和负湍流剪应力减小,负涡量和正湍流剪应力增大。水体动能、势能和总能达到高值的时间随风速的增大而减少;水体动能、势能和总能随风速的增大而增大,并且风速对水体动能的相对影响大于势能。     

4个代表站点的珊瑚δ18O数据对热带印度洋气候变率的反演能力分析*

珊瑚中的δ¹⁸O含量可以高精度地记录热带海洋中的气候变率及气候变化信息, 从而弥补器测观测时间长度有限的缺陷, 为反演过去长期的气候状况提供了可能。热带印度洋的气候模态通过海气相互作用影响周边区域甚至全球的气候, 具有重要的研究意义。本文对比分析了1880—1999年间热带印度洋4个站点(肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚、塞舌尔、明打威)的珊瑚δ¹⁸O数据, 研究了其对热带印度洋气候的反演情况。结果显示, 珊瑚δ¹⁸O对海表温度(sea surface temperature, SST)的长期变化趋势反演良好, 珊瑚δ¹⁸O与局地SST在季节循环中保持一致, 且在低温季节对SST的变化更为敏感。此外, 4个站点的珊瑚δ¹⁸O对印度洋海盆模态(Indian Ocean Basin Mode, IOBM)和印度洋偶极子模态(Indian Ocean Dipple Mode, IODM)有一定的表征能力, 并且δ¹⁸O记录的热带印度洋年际变率受年代际变率调制。本文的研究结果表明, 珊瑚δ¹⁸O数据对于了解古气候时期热带印度洋气候变率具有重要的指示意义, 但同时也需要综合考虑不同站点的信息来完整地反映印度洋在历史时期的气候变化情况。     

珊瑚化石的组成及显微结构分析

珊瑚化石是珊瑚在地下长期埋藏经过各种地质作用所形成的化石,目前对珊瑚化石的研究主要集中在地质学和生物进化方面,对珊瑚化石的组成和显微结构研究较少。本文对产于陕西省的珊瑚化石采用X射线衍射分析、差热分析、热重分析以及扫描电镜等方法进行分析,研究珊瑚化石的组成、含量以及其显微结构特点。结果表明:这类开采于陕西省的珊瑚化石主要成分是碳酸钙(CaCO3),平均含量高达98.6%;珊瑚化石在700℃左右发生相变,在相变过程中其质量急剧下降,即CaCO3分解为CaO和CO2;内部结构存在着大量的1~5μm孔隙;断口形貌具有类似解理断裂的特点,存在相应的"河流状花样"。本文提出,在珊瑚玉石储藏及加工时要尽量避开酸性物质,避免使其经受高温,最高不要超过650℃,同时加工琢磨刻面过程中要避开解理面,或使刻面与解理面呈一定角度。     

广西田林浪平地区晚石炭世生物礁古生态特征

广西田林县浪平地区发育了几处黄龙期生物格架礁。这些发育在海百合碎屑滩上的礁体规模普遍不大,造礁和附礁生物种类多样,礁生物群落成熟度低,造礁方式单一,具有斑块式分布特点。浪平地区黄龙期点礁是在缺乏全球性主要后生骨架造礁动物的背景下发育的,没有明显优势造礁生物出现;点礁受研究区内大规模发育的碎屑滩影响显著,成礁环境多变、高能水体与碎屑选择作用明显、固结和硬质基底分布不广泛、水体能量频繁变化与适应环境的海百合繁盛、藻类在研究区内不发育,这些使得浪平地区点礁具有典型的"碎屑滩点礁模式"特征;造礁生物的生态特点对点礁的具体面貌具有重要影响。晚石炭世碎屑滩后生动物骨架点礁的发现,有助于进一步加强生物礁古生态系统研究。     

西南天山康克林组早二叠世小型无鳞板珊瑚动物群的发现及其地质意义简

西南天山哈拉奇地区康克林组第三段发现大量单体无鳞板四射珊瑚,经鉴定共有11属23种。根据该动物群的组成特征和与邻区的对比,建立了Amplexocaniaia-Tachylasma-Bradyphyllum组合,并确定其时代为早二叠世紫松期或阿舍尔(Asselian)期。通过对沉积相及该无鳞板四射珊瑚动物群古生态的对比分析,确定本区当时水深大于100m,属碳酸盐台地与盆地之间的过渡环境。