广西石炭纪早期下垌村珊瑚礁基本特征及其沉积环境分析

广西田林地区发育有早石炭世全球罕见的后生动物格架礁,该珊瑚礁的主体部分由双型珊瑚(Diphyphyllum)、丛管珊瑚(Siphonodendron)、石柱珊瑚(Lithostrotion)以及笛管珊瑚(Syringopora)等建造而成。这些造架珊瑚个体一般以无性出芽繁殖生长和躲避障碍物弯曲生长的竞争模式占据更多的空间生态位,而群体之间则以越顶生长的策略取得竞争的胜利。礁体连续发育,无明显的间断性和旋回性,但造礁生物的组合在礁体纵向分布上存在一定差异,可识别出3个连续的生物组合单元,即Diphyphyllum组合、Siphonodendron-Lithostrotion组合和Diphyphyllum-Syringopora组合。对礁剖面岩石的微相特征研究,划分出了含少量生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、钙藻粒泥灰岩、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、灰泥质颗粒灰岩、珊瑚格架岩和有孔虫生物碎屑亮晶颗粒岩等6种微相类型。礁体在发育过程中经历了由深水开阔台地相到浅水开阔台地相,珊瑚礁相到台内斜坡相再到台内浅滩相,标志着海平面逐渐下降、水体变浅、水动能不断增强的沉积环境。     

钙质砂室内载荷试验研究

为保护和开发海洋资源,在珊瑚礁上进行工程建设时必须要查明岛礁上钙质砂地基的承载力和变形特性。室内载荷试验的结果表明,相同密实度的钙质砂具有比石英砂大得多的承载力和变形模量,变形量则小得多;钙质砂的承载力随着相对密实度的增大而增大,破坏时的变形量显著减小;相同密实度下饱和钙质砂比干燥钙质砂的承载力和变形模量低很多。钙质砂地基中土压力随深度急剧衰减,荷载的有效影响深度为2～3倍基础宽度;随着荷载的增大,土压力从表层逐渐传递到更深的土层。     

Analysis and evaluation of coral reef integrity based on borehole camera technology

At present, very few drilling surveys have been conducted on coral reefs, and comprehensive geological info on coral reefs is difficult to obtain. However, research on coral reefs is of great importance to development and exploitation of maritime resources. In the survey of Chenhang Island in Paracel (Xisha) Islands, we applied the digital borehole camera technology the first time in China, which resulted in a large amount of first-hand geological data. We utilized the rock mass integrity index (RMDI) method in our analysis of coral reef integrity, and the value of coefficient α in the RMDI was determined to evaluate the size effect of cavities on coral reefs. We then developed the correlation between RMDI values and coral reef integrity with references to the rock mass classification standard, which enabled the engineering evaluation of coral reef integrity. By statistical analysis of camera data gathered along the CK2 borehole for approximately 1-km length, we performed an integrity evaluation of the entire borehole length using the RMDI classification and created a coral reef stratum development diagram that was consistent with the actual cores. The results indicated: (1) the RMDI is a feasible approach for the analysis of coral reef integrity, (2) the classification system based on RMDI is feasible in the integrity evaluation of coral reefs, (3) the values of coral reef integrity obtained using the RMDI method are accurate, and (4) borehole camera survey and statistical analysis are important in the study of coral reefs.     

近50年来三亚鹿回头岸礁活珊瑚覆盖率的动态变化

对三亚鹿回头珊瑚岸礁5条断面进行实地潜水调查并室内判读海底录像,得到该岸段2005年和2006年的礁坡活珊瑚覆盖率分别为14.79%和12.16%。与历史资料(1960年、1978年、1983年和1990年测值分别为80%—90%、60%、60%和35%,1998年约为41.5%,2002年为23.4%,2004年为20%)对比分析显示,近50年来该岸段活珊瑚覆盖率显著下降,珊瑚礁总体呈衰退趋势。研究表明,人类活动是造成三亚鹿回头珊瑚礁衰退并影响将来发展的重要因素:过度和破坏性捕捞以及大规模采挖礁块等活动直接导致了该岸段珊瑚礁在七八十年代出现的巨大衰退;海上珍珠贝、麒麟菜等养殖活动是造成近期破坏的主要原因;正在影响该岸段珊瑚礁覆盖率仍持续下降的主要原因是沿岸对虾或鲍育苗养殖;三亚河和近海工程建设、航运活动带来的泥沙和污染物以及正向鹿回头扩展的潜水旅游活动已成为不可忽视的威胁。所以,保护该岸段珊瑚礁,需要在了解该岸礁活珊瑚覆盖率动态变化的基础上认清保护管理的紧迫性,并针对不同区域珊瑚群落的具体特征和影响因素制定合理、有效的管理措施。     

Ecological energetics of the tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi in Barbados, West Indies

The common tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi is the dominant herbivore on fringing coral reefs in Barbados, West Indies. The biological importance of Diadema as an agent of energy transfer was evaluated from energy budgets constructed for the population and for individuals of 10 size groups. Monthly energy budgets for urchins of various size groups balance within 1 kcal except for urchins of the largest size group examined. Approximately 20% of the monthly net benthic primary production of the fringing coral reef is consumed by Diadema. This percentage is considerably larger than the 7% reported for the consumption of benthic algal production by a population of the temperate water sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, feeding in kelp beds but is lower than the 47% reported for the consumption of sea grass by the tropical urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Higher rates of secondary production of Diadema compared to that of Strongylocentrotus may be in part due to higher net and gross growth efficiencies exhibited by Diadema. It is apparent that Diadema is more efficient at converting its algal food resources into urchin biomass than is Strongylocentrotus of similar size. In comparison to Strongylocentrotus and Lytechinus, Diadema releases as much energy to the benthos in the form of fecal pellet detritus as do the other two species. The production of fecal pellet detritus is the most important pathway of energy transfer on the fringing coral reef. Fecal pellet detritus contributes approximately 26 kcal m⁻² month⁻¹ to the benthic community. This amount is equivalent to 7·4% of the monthly net primary production of the benthic algae or approximately 37% of the caloric intake of the urchin population. In addition fecal pellet detritus produced by Diadema contains about 10 times the caloric content of surface sediments found to the north and south of the fringing reef and approximately 1·7 times the caloric content of sediments within the reef. The utilization of this energy-rich fecal pellet detritus by other reef organisms is discussed briefly.     

南海珊瑚礁硼同位素组成及其环境意义

采用正热电离质谱方法测定了中国南海诸岛７０００ａ以来的珊瑚礁的硼同位素的硼含量。讨论了珊瑚礁中硼同位素 硼含量,Ｐ不管不顾忻代等参数的关系。结果表明,所测定的珊瑚礁硼同位素组成变化范围为２２．７￣２４．８‰,并且与珊瑚 硼含量呈正相关关系。根据硼同位素与海水ＰＨ值的关系计算出过去７０００ａ南海泊ＰＨ值变化８．１０￣８．４１。初步探讨了硼同位素组成与南海海平面变化的关系。     

珊瑚礁地层中PHC桩原位静载试验研究

珊瑚地层是钙质砂和礁灰岩的统称。在珊瑚地层中开展预应力高强度混凝土管桩（PHC桩）的原位堆载测试,分析了桩?珊瑚地质的相互作用规律。采用光纤光栅传感技术采集加载过程中的试桩桩身应变,由计算获取桩身轴力,分析加载过程中珊瑚地层中PHC桩基础的承载特性。试验结果表明,（1）桩?土响应处于线弹性阶段;（2）桩的承载发挥状态与入土深度显著相关,且入土深度超过15倍桩径时桩端阻力发挥峰值;（3）桩的安装方式几乎不影响其在珊瑚地层中的承载性能,但贯入能量的大小则显著影响;（4）入土深度和贯入能量的大小,影响珊瑚地质的破碎程度,颗粒破碎显著影响珊瑚地质中桩的承载发挥特性。通过原位测试可知在珊瑚地质中在贯入深度在15倍桩径以内,入土深度与桩端阻力正相关,与桩侧摩阻力反相关。     

Mid–late Holocene monsoon climate retrieved from seasonal Sr/Ca and δO records of Porites lutea corals at Leizhou Peninsula, northern coast of South China Sea

South China Sea (SCS) is a major moisture source region, providing summer monsoon rainfall throughout Mainland China, which accounts for more than 80% total precipitation in the region. We report seasonal to monthly resolution Sr/Ca and δ¹⁸O data for five Holocene and one modern Porites corals, each covering a growth history of 9–13 years. The results reveal a general decreasing trend in sea surface temperature (SST) in the SCS from 6800 to 1500 years ago, despite shorter climatic cycles. Compared with the mean Sr/Ca–SST in the 1990s (24.8 °C), 10-year mean Sr/Ca–SSTs were 0.9–0.5 °C higher between 6.8 and 5.0 thousand years before present (ky BP), dropped to the present level by 2.5 ky BP, and reached a low of 22.6 °C (2.2 °C lower) by 1.5 ky BP. The summer Sr/Ca–SST maxima, which are more reliable due to faster summer-time growth rates and higher sampling resolution, follow the same trend, i.e. being 1–2 °C higher between 6.8 and 5.0 ky BP, dropping to the present level by 2.5 ky BP, and reaching a low of 28.7 °C (0.7 °C lower) by 1.5 ky BP. Such a decline in SST is accompanied by a similar decrease in the amount of monsoon moisture transported out of South China Sea, resulting in a general decrease in the seawater δ¹⁸O values, reflected by offsets of mean δ¹⁸O relative to that in the 1990s. This observation is consistent with general weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon since early Holocene, in response to a continuous decline in solar radiation, which was also found in pollen, lake-level and loess/paleosol records throughout Mainland China. The climatic conditions 2.5 and 1.5 ky ago were also recorded in Chinese history. In contrast with the general cooling trend of the monsoon climate in East Asia, SST increased dramatically in recent time, with that in the 1990s being 2.2 °C warmer than that 1.5 ky ago. This clearly indicates that the increase in the concentration of anthropogenic greenhouse gases played a dominant role in recent global warming, which reversed the natural climatic trend in East Asian monsoon regime.     

Early Benthic Organism Colonization on a Caribbean Coral Reef (Barbados, West Indies): a Plate Experimental Approach

Abstract. Macrofaunal colonization was studied using coral plates fixed at 10 m depth on a fringing reef in Barbados, West Indies. Two sites were compared: Spring Garden, a site that is affected by eutrophication, and Six Men's Bay which is relatively free of this effect. Two sets of plates were immersed in winter and spring 1990 at each site and monitored for 28 and 19 weeks, respectively. Green and brown algae colonized first, followed 2 weeks later by ostracods, cumaceans, amphipods and polychaetes: terebellids, nereidids and syllids. Most colonizers either nestled or encrusted. A total of 11 017 invertebrates belonging to 145 species were collected. Polychaetes were the most abundant and diverse zoological group. Considering polychaetes, crustaceans and molluscs, the study sites shared around 75% of the species. Overall, densities were higher on lower (shaded) surfaces while diversities were higher on upper (illuminated) sides. Similarity coefficients and correspondence analysis showed different macrobenthic assemblages and colonization patterns in light and shaded and in polluted and unpolluted sites. Coral plates were associated according to their 'immersion time' and were closely linked to their stage of development. Spring Garden (polluted) presented a higher number of soft-bottom and deposit-feeder species ( e.g. , Capitella capitata ).     

珊瑚的高精度热电离质谱定年和Sr/Ca温度计对古环境研究意义

珊瑚等海底沉积物中留下了过去气候变化的高分辨率记录,利用高分辨中的取样方法和热电离质谱（TIMS）铀系法对其进行测年,可以提取很短时间间隔内的环境参数,进一步证实了海洋珊瑚骨骼的Sr／Ca与海水温度间有很好的相关关系,是恢复古环境的一个有效方法。