三峡工程移民迁建区灾害地质体改造与利用研究

三峡工程移民迁建区地质环境复杂 ,建设用地严重不足。如何在治理的基础上对滑坡等灾害地质体开发利用是一项风险极大 ,但具非常现实意义的课题。本文论述了预应力锚拉桩在库区大型滑坡防治中的应用成果 ,这种方法不仅能有效地控制滑坡体的稳定性 ,同时 ,也能根据移民工程要求提供适宜的建设用地 ;介绍了注浆方法对库区分布较广的以崩塌、滑坡、岩溶成因为主的崩滑堆积体的改造问题 ,它不仅可以大大降低移民迁建区地基与边坡处理的工程造价 ,也为库区灾害地质体的改造提供了范例 ;弃渣是库区极为突出的环境地质问题 ,不仅危害长江 ,也对移民迁建区构成严重威胁 ,本文介绍了巫山新城等利用加筋土技术处理弃渣 ,并大大增加建设用地的实例 ,由于该挡墙高达 5 6 m,超出了一般意义下的加筋土挡墙范畴 (通常不超过 2 0 m) ,因此出现了前缘筋带断裂和面板脱落问题 ,本文介绍了应用锚管注浆技术进行面板修复的设计 ,为复杂地质条件地区高加筋挡土墙的安全修建提供了经验.     

厦门鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎的种群动态与底栖环境

为了解鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎资源状况,2018年6月—2019年5月,调查厦门鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎种群的个体数、软壳率、损伤率、头胸部长和宽、腹部长和剑尾长。结果表明:鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎个体数从2018年6月的12只增加到9月的37只,2018年12月和2019年1月未发现中国鲎,2019年3月增加到22只。2018年8—11月为中国鲎蜕壳期,2019年2—5月损伤率较高。2019年2月鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎种群的头胸部长和腹部长最大,分别为39.66 mm和31.20 mm,2019年5月头胸部长和腹部长最小,分别为22.93 mm和20.53 mm。2018年7月头胸甲宽和剑尾长最大,分别为60.42 mm和71.19 mm,2018年6月头胸甲宽和剑尾长最小,分别为43.93 mm和42.88 mm。厦门鳄鱼屿潮间带采集到大型底栖动物136种,优势类群主要是多毛类、甲壳类和双壳类。鳄鱼屿潮间带A、B、C 3个区的沉积物中均没有砾成分,从较高潮位(A区)到较低潮位(C区)砂和叶绿素a含量减少,而碳、氮、粉砂和黏土含量增加。由于受牡蛎养殖和池塘养殖等人类活动的影响,厦门鳄鱼屿潮间带的中国鲎种群及其栖息地较小。     

Superior life history traits of Micromoina arboricola in a humic over a non-humic environment

Micromoina arboricola, one of the smallest moinids on record, is currently known from a single tree hole in a tropical forest, containing a small volume of humic water, in quasi absolute darkness. We test whether it has been refuted to this environment by superior competitors, or whether it is genuinely adapted to this life space by culturing it in its native environment, and in a clear water environment supplemented with algal food, yeast and fermented fish ration. Only maturation time is similar between both treatments. Total offspring, number of clutches, average clutch size and longevity are higher in the humic treatment. Population growth is initially higher in the clearwater treatment, but then collapses. In the humic treatment there is a steady ascent towards a stable plateau. We conclude that the species is better adapted to its microcosm than to a ‘normal’ aquatic biotope.     

Population growth and sustainability of common property resource management systems in the eastern Hindu Kush: The use of communal fodder resources in Mehlp Valley, North Pakistan

In common property studies, increasing number of users has been considered as a major threat for the long-term sustainability of natural resources. This perception has been true in a few cases. However, the 40-years empirical research conducted in a variety of environmental settings, reveals that population pressure is not the only factor responsible for the degradation of natural resources. In remote areas, where the local inhabitants highly depend on available natural resources for subsistence livelihood, the economically important resources are kept under different ownership regimes. The local inhabitants have established autochthonous institutions, and formulated rules and regulations for proper management of these resources. In this paper an attempt has been made to explore the response of a small fodder user community to the increasing population. For this purpose a micro-level study has been conducted in a remote mountain environment in the eastern Hindu Kush. For this research, data has been collected through fieldwork and focus group discussion. The results of this study reveal that fodder user communities have responded very well to the problem of population pressure. To maintain equity and long-term sustainability they have adopted a number of strategies including changing the ownership, and a resource kept under private ownership at the time of low population has been changed to a common property with increase in population. Based on this study it can be concluded that in mountainous areas and fragile environment the local inhabitant have both the capacity and capability to change their behaviour with regard to changing resource productivity as well as increasing number of users, and this situation does not always lead to the tragedy of commons.     

基于COI序列分析东海区四指马鲅（Eleuther onema tetradactylum）的种群遗传结构

采用COI基因片段研究了东海区象山（xs）、乐清（YQ）和宁德（ND）三个四指马鲅群体的遗传多样性和种群遗传结构。在90个四指马鲅个体中,共检出单倍型13个,包括变异位点23个,其中简约信息位点14个。在三个种群中,YQ群体具有最高的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性水平,但整体上,三个群体的遗传变异水平均比较低。中性检验结果表明,三个群体内部在分子水平可能存在自然选择作用。NJ系统发生分析发现,YQ部分单倍型与XS和ND群体聚在一起,而与另一部分YQ群体遗传分化较大。AMOVA分析显示,遗传差异主要来自于群体内部（79．66％）。     

A spatial ecosystem and populations dynamics model (SEAPODYM) – Modeling of tuna and tuna-like populations

An enhanced version of the spatial ecosystem and population dynamics model SEAPODYM is presented to describe spatial dynamics of tuna and tuna-like species in the Pacific Ocean at monthly resolution over 1° grid-boxes. The simulations are driven by a bio-physical environment predicted from a coupled ocean physical–biogeochemical model. This new version of SEAPODYM includes expanded definitions of habitat indices, movements, and natural mortality based on empirical evidences. A thermal habitat of tuna species is derived from an individual heat budget model. The feeding habitat is computed according to the accessibility of tuna predator cohorts to different vertically migrating and non-migrating micronekton (mid-trophic) functional groups. The spawning habitat is based on temperature and the coincidence of spawning fish with presence or absence of predators and food for larvae. The successful larval recruitment is linked to spawning stock biomass. Larvae drift with currents, while immature and adult tuna can move of their own volition, in addition to being advected by currents. A food requirement index is computed to adjust locally the natural mortality of cohorts based on food demand and accessibility to available forage components. Together these mechanisms induce bottom-up and top-down effects, and intra- (i.e. between cohorts) and inter-species interactions. The model is now fully operational for running multi-species, multi-fisheries simulations, and the structure of the model allows a validation from multiple data sources. An application with two tuna species showing different biological characteristics, skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and bigeye (Thunnus obesus), is presented to illustrate the capacity of the model to capture many important features of spatial dynamics of these two different tuna species in the Pacific Ocean. The actual validation is presented in a companion paper describing the approach to have a rigorous mathematical parameter optimization [Senina, I., Sibert, J., Lehodey, P., 2008. Parameter estimation for basin-scale ecosystem-linked population models of large pelagic predators: application to skipjack tuna. Progress in Oceanography]. Once this evaluation and parameterization is complete, it may be possible to use the model for management of tuna stocks in the context of climate and ecosystem variability, and to investigate potential changes due to anthropogenic activities including global warming and fisheries pressures and management scenarios.     

基于移动通信大数据的地震灾区人口快速处理系统研究

破坏性地震发生后,及时准确掌握被困人数和具体位置是救援的关键。传统地震应急基础数据库的人口数据是某个时期以行政单元或者公里格网为基础的统计数据,缺乏时效性和空间分布特征,难以据此准确评估地震灾区被困人员的分布情况。该研究根据移动通信定位技术中的被动Cell-ID定位法原理,获取研究区手机定位数据,系统以Microsoft Visual Studio 2012为开发平台,运用C#语言和ArcEngine开发组件来构建,对获取的手机定位数据进行处理,评估灾区被困人口的分布情况,制作专题图,为震后的应急救援提供参考依据。     

中国人口分布的合理性研究

本文在人口分布合理性判定标准和指标讨论的基础上,通过对自然环境与人口分布相互关系的定性研究,和综合反映自然条件、经济水平的土地食物生产力与人口分布的定量分析,论证了我国东密西疏人口不均衡分布的内在合理性。     

水生植物的应用与管理

水生植物具有观赏、净化以及生物多样性高的特点,在城市环境建设中得到广泛应用。针对应用中出现的一些问题,结合水生植物个体生态学特征、群落结构和发育动态等,提出了科学应用水生植物的基本要求。     

滩地人工林营林措施对钉螺种群的影响

通过对滩地不同经营措施的杨树人工林内钉螺种群影响的长期定位观测和分析研究,结果显示：①在低海拔淹水时间达60天的滩地,采用挖沟抬垄整地是确保人工林造成功和有效抑螺的重要措施;②在幼林阶段,采用林农复合经营是抑螺防病林经营的有效措施;③随着林木的生长,树木对林地环境的改善强度加大,其对钉螺种群的抑制效果逐渐加强,使钉螺种群密度保持较低的水平。因此,对钉螺滋生的滩地采取针对性的造林技术和措施,即可增加林地的经济产出,更为重要的是可有效抑制钉螺的种群数量,同时辅以对家畜的管理,可使林地内的感染性钉螺隆至零,达到了滩地利用与抑制钉螺的双重目标。