Regional variation in distribution pattern, population structure and growth rates of Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Thysanoessa longicaudata in the Irminger Sea, North Atlantic

Euphausiids are a key component of the northern North Atlantic marine ecosystem and Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Thysanoessa longicaudata are dominant both numerically and in terms of biomass. The Irminger Sea is remote and experiences often-hostile weather conditions. Consequently, few studies have been conducted there, and detailed information on the seasonal distribution, abundance and growth of euphausiids is limited. Here we explore patterns of abundance and spatial and temporal variation in length–frequency distribution in order to determine regional growth rates for both species in the Irminger Basin. Regional composite length–frequency distributions for spring, summer and winter were devised by aggregating discrete net haul data according to the results of a multivariate cluster analysis of length conducted on spring and summer net sample data. Three biologically distinct regions within the Irminger basin were apparent (Central Irminger Sea, Northern Irminger Sea and East of Greenland Shelf). These regions corresponded broadly with distinct physical zones within the basin. Modes in the composite length–frequency distributions were determined by fitting multiple normal distributions, and regional differences in growth were investigated by tracking modes between seasons. The results provide some evidence for regional variability in growth and population dynamics. The population structure and growth of M. norvegica was similar in the open ocean regions of the Northern and Central Irminger Basin, but different in the region around the East Greenland Shelf. There was a distinct absence of larger individuals (+I-group) in the open ocean regions compared to East Greenland Coast region, and growth rates were marginally higher. A similar pattern in population structure was also observed for T. longicaudata. Variability in growth and abundance are discussed in relation to prevailing environmental characteristics such as temperature and food availability.     

绥芬河大麻哈鱼类种群生态的初步研究

3种大麻哈鱼的洄游期、种群组成、数量变动等进行了调查研究。结果认为:溯河期依每年河流生态条件而有变化;驼背大麻哈鱼为单一龄组型,马苏大麻哈鱼为双龄组型,大麻哈鱼为多龄组型;其主要产卵场分布于绥芬河中、上游河区,我国河区种群数量较多。     

Small-scale variations in mussel (Mytilus spp.) dynamics and local production

A mussel bed was sampled monthly at four intertidal levels (mid: 2.15; mid-low: 1.65; low: 1.2 and sublittoral fringe: 0.7 m from chart datum) from July 1979 to July 1980 at Pointe-Mitis in the St. Lawrence estuary. A strong spring reduction of abundance (both in density and biomass) suggested that the mussel bed was being degraded. Community perturbation was attributed to ice scour. Partial reestablishment of the mussel bed (all age classes) was observed during late spring and early summer and occurred mainly at the mid-low intertidal level. Changes in the size structure of the mussel bed with level suggest that the annual windstorm regime may be an important factor in the dynamics of the bed. Mean body mass decreased at the three lower shore levels but increased at the highest shore level. Overall, net secondary production (assessed by the increment-summation method) was negative due to the decrease in mean body mass. Annual production rates (kJ m⁻² y⁻¹) from the mid intertidal level to the sublittoral fringe were 1130, − 4072, − 4013 and − 3258, respectively, while P/B ratios (y⁻¹) were 0.17, − 0.69, − 0.50 and − 0.45. The calculated production and the productivity (potential production) are compared and used to provide insight into the condition of the mussel bed.     

Oestrogenic markers and reduced population fertile egg production in a sand goby partial life-cycle test

Understanding the ecological significance of oestrogenic biomarker responses, seen in field surveys of some UK estuarine fish, requires a suitable model to link biochemical and reproductive effects. The sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) is a common inshore fish that has been successfully bred in laboratory aquaria. Juvenile sand goby were continuously exposed to 17beta-oestradiol (E2) during gonadal maturation, and their subsequent reproductive success investigated. Exposure endpoints included hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) mRNA expression and maturation (male nuptial colouration, sperm duct gland- and gonado-somatic indices (SDGSI, GSI)). Reproductive endpoints included spawning behaviour, brood size, fertility and population-level fertile egg production. Measured E2 exposure concentrations were <5 (controls), 17, 71 and 530 ngl(-1). Male maturation decreased with increasing E2 concentration. VTG mRNA expression increased with E2 concentration, but not with duration of exposure. Reproductive endpoints showed progressive impairment with increasing E2 concentration. For most endpoints, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 71 ngl(-1), and EC50s were in the range 87-165 ngl(-1). Pre-breeding male colouration, VTG expression and SDGSI were good predictors of subsequent population-level fertile egg production, but GSI was not. The sensitivity of oestrogenic markers in sand goby are comparable to those used in other species, and feral fish populations exhibiting such oestrogenic responses at molecular and organ levels are likely to have reduced fertile egg production.     

农村人口流动对地震灾害人员伤亡评估的影响研究?以张家口为例

通过对农村人口流动的数据统计,利用Pearson相关分析法,分析不同因素下张家口地区村镇人口流动情况,发现流动人口率与人均水浇地面积和地理位置存在显著的相关性,并建立该区域村镇人口流动关系模型。通过实地调研张家口地区村镇人口数据,验证了村镇人口流动关系模型的适用性。基于公里格网人口、建筑物等基础数据,进行张家口地区设定地震灾害人员伤亡评估,结果表明,基于村镇人口流动关系模型修正后的人员伤亡评估结果与专家修正后的结果更接近。村镇人口流动关系模型可给出合理修正后的地震灾害人员伤亡评估结果,且更适用于6.0级以上有人员伤亡的地震评估。     

海湾扇贝不同种群在磷酸葡萄糖变位酶基因位点的遗传结构与性状

１９９５年１月－１９９６年１２月,采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术,对美国海湾扇贝５个野生种群和１个养殖种群在磷酸葡萄糖变位酶基因位点（Ｐｇｍ）的遗传结构及相关性状进行了分析,共发现７个等位基因。ＭＶ（Ｍａｒｔｈａｓ Ｖｉｎｅｙａｒｄ Ｉｓｌａｎｄ）、ＮＹ（Ｌｏｎｇ Ｉｓｌａｎｄ）、ＣＴ（Ｓｔｏｎｉｎｇｔｏｎ）种群间等位基因频率分布无明显差异,内湾封闭性环境和人工近亲繁殖分别使ＷＦ（Ｗｅｌｌｆｌｅｅｔ）、     

Demographic parameters and mixis of three Brachionus angularis Gosse (Rotatoria) strains fed on different algae

Rotifers are one of the smallest metazoans, served as perfect material for evolution theories and excellent food resources to larva in aquaculture. Population dynamics of rotifers help to optimize culture conditions, and to understand selection of asexual and sexual reproduction types. We described population dynamics of three Brachionus angularis strains using the life table method, with three types of food. The following demographic parameters were analyzed: intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R₀), generation time (T), average lifespan (L), and the total percentage of mictic females in the offspring. The results showed that there were significant effects of strain on the parameters except for R₀. However, the food type significantly affected r, R₀, T, and the total percentage of mictic females in the offspring. Demographic parameters differed among strains, showing the possible adaptation to local niches. In comparison to Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus obliquus served more nutrition to enlarge population size, and more mixis was induced in rotifer populations fed on it.     

Molecular cloning and β-naphthoflavone-induced expression of a cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene from an anadromous river pufferfish, Takifugu obscurus

In recent years, there has been a decline in the wild populations of river pufferfish, Takifugu obscurus. Besides overexploitation for commercial purposes, environmental pollution is believed to have contributed to its decline. However, almost no information exists about genes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics by this species. Nevertheless, there is interest in fugu fishes, since they possess the smallest genome among vertebrates. We cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA sequence of a cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene from T. obscurus. Phylogenic relationship of T. obscurus CYP1A was also compared to other fish species. The tissue distribution and time-dependant induction of CYP1A mRNA were studied by real-time PCR in T. obscurus exposed to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) agonist, β-naphthoflavone (BNF). The greatest basal expression in livers of control as well as BNF-treated individuals. However, brain, gill, gonad, intestine, and kidney also expressed CYP1A. Muscles expressed the least CYP1A. The results of the time-course study revealed induction in brain and gills after 6 h and at 12 h in most tissues. Except for gills, all other organs retained induced expression of CYP1A mRNA up to 96 h.     

Population similarity analysis of indicator bacteria for source prediction of faecal pollution in a coastal lake

Biochemical fingerprinting (BF) databases of 524 enterococci and 571 Escherichia coli isolates and an antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) database comprising of 380 E. coli isolates from four suspected sources (i.e. dogs, chickens, waterfowls, and human sewage) were developed to predict the sources of faecal pollution in a recreational coastal lake. Twenty water samples representing four sampling episodes were collected from five sites and the enterococci and E. coli population from each site were compared with those of the databases. The degree of similarity between bacterial populations was measured as population similarity (Sp) coefficient. Using the BF-database, bacterial populations of waterfowls showed the highest similarity with the water samples followed by a sewage treatment plant (STP). Higher population similarities were found between samples from STP and water samples especially at two sites (T2 and T3) which were located near the sewerage pipes collecting wastewater from the study area. When using the ARA-database, the highest similarity was found between E. coli populations from STP and water samples at sites T2 and T4. Both faecal indicators and as well as methods predicted human faecal pollution, possibly through leakage from submerged sewerage pipes. The results indicated that the Sp-analysis of faecal indicator bacterial populations from suspected sources and water samples can be used as a simple tool to predict the source(s) of faecal pollution in surface waters.     

Benthic input rates predict seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) fish farm-induced decline

Fish farms represent a growing source of anthropogenic disturbance to benthic communities, and efficient predictors of such impacts are urgently needed. We explored the effects of fish farm benthic organic and nutrient inputs on the population dynamics of a key seagrass species (Posidonia oceanica) in four Mediterranean deep meadows adjacent to sea bream and sea bass farms. We performed two annual plant censuses on permanent plots at increasing distance from farms and measured benthic sedimentation rates around plots. High shoot mortality rates were recorded near the cages, up to 20 times greater than at control sites. Recruitment rates increased in variability but could not compensate mortality, leading to rapid seagrass decline within the first 100 m from cages. Seagrass mortality increased with total sedimentation rates (K=0.55, p<0.0002), and with organic matter (K=0.50, p=0.001), total nitrogen (K=0.46, p=0.002) and total phosphorus (K=0.56, p<3.10(-5)) inputs. P. oceanica decline accelerated above a phosphorus loading threshold of 50mg m(-2)day(-1). Phosphorus benthic sedimentation rate seems a powerful predictor of seagrass mortality from fish farming. Coupling direct measurements of benthic sedimentation rates with dynamics of key benthic species is proposed as an efficient strategy to predict fish farm impacts to benthic communities.