水文基础设施建设形势与任务浅析

近年来,水文基础设施建设得到明显加强,水文站网布局和功能逐步完善,水文基础设施整体水平不断提高,水文测报和信息服务能力显著增强。经济社会发展和水利工作对水文不断提出了新的更高的要求,需要进一步加强水文基础设施建设。总结了"十一五"以来全国水文基础设施建设取得的成就,结合经济社会发展和水利工作对水文的要求,阐述了水文基础设施建设面临的形势和问题,分析了水文基础设施建设的目标和任务。     

Magnetic signature of heavy metals pollution of sediments: case study from the East Lake in Wuhan,China

Detailed magnetic measurements and geochemical analyses were performed on 114 sediment samples collected from the East Lake, Wuhan city, China, to establish a possible link between the enhanced concentration of anthropogenic magnetic particles and heavy metals with known sources. Relatively higher magnetic susceptibility values (mass-specific, χ, >150 × 10⁻⁸ m³ kg⁻¹) were observed for samples near the pollution sources: e.g. the Wuhan Iron and Steel Company (WISC), the Qingshan Thermal Power Plant (QTPP), the banks (driveways) of the lake and near the sightseeing route of yachts on the lake. Moreover, χ is positively correlated to the concentration of Pb (correlation coefficient r = 0.682), but negatively or weakly correlated with both Zn and Cu. In contrast, anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) is significantly correlated with these major heavy metals (r = 0.645 for Zn–ARM, 0.699 for Pb–ARM and 0.841 for Cu–ARM, respectively), which indicate that ARM serves a better indicator for the pollution of heavy metals in this lake. Thermomagnetic analysis combined with magnetic hysteresis measurements revealed that magnetites in the pseudo-single-domain/multidomain grain-size regions are dominant. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray examinations of the magnetic extracts showed that these Fe-rich particles have different morphologies: orange-peel structure, hollow structure with adhered smaller particles, Zr-rich melted-like irregular particles, pear-shaped spherules and spherules with slick surfaces. These features are typical for particles produced by anthropogenic activities. Because of the genetic relationship between the environmental setting of the East Lake and the nearby pollution sources, this study suggests that in situ magnetic surveys are sensitive to evaluate the environmental pollution on the lake bottom.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场污染风险评价

本文是在系统调查和收集各类资料的基础上,根据垃圾场地固有的防污性能和垃圾场与地下水水源保护区间的关系进行综合评价,垃圾场地内在风险采用灰色聚类法进行评价。垃圾场地下水污染风险评价可以为地下水污染防治和修复提供技术支持。     

国内外地震滑坡研究：现状、问题与展望

地震滑坡一直是地学界关注的研究热点之一,特别是2005年10月8日克什米尔M_s7.8地震、2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0地震、2010年玉树M_s7.1地震、2014年云南鲁甸M_s6.5地震、2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_s8.1地震以及2017年8月8日九寨沟M_s7.0地震等一系列强震活动,都不同程度地触发了大量地震滑坡,并伴生了许多次生灾害,从而促进地震滑坡研究进入了新的阶段。本文通过总结国内外地震滑坡研究现状,归纳了地震滑坡的特征和分布规律、地震动参数与地震滑坡关系、边坡地质条件与地震滑坡关系、地震滑坡的动力响应特征、地震滑坡预测以及地震滑坡危险性与风险区划等6方面的研究现状,在此基础上进一步提出了未来地震滑坡应关注的主要研究方向和重点。

     

Human-induced sedimentological changes in Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta, Egypt

 The Manzala Lagoon in Egypt's Nile Delta has become a sediment sink of reduced area and depth, with increased contaminant levels. Loss of much-needed fresh to brackish water reserves and decreased fish catches have serious ramifications. Herein, maps of temporal and regional sediment distributions in Manzala incorporate petrological and statistical analyses of 200 surficial and short core samples. These provide baseline information needed to help implement protection measures for this vital wetland. Four periods are considered: 1920s, 1940s, ∼1965, and 1990. Important depositional changes between 1940s and ∼1965 resulted from anthropogenic effects on this quasi-closed lagoon system, including industrial buildup, wetland conversion to agricultural land, and irrigation waterway development. Further modification from ∼1965 to 1990 is associated with closure of the Aswan High Dam, continued construction of waterways that discharge waste water into lagoon margins, and marine incursion into the northern lagoon. If current practices continue, the lagoon could be reduced to about one-third of its present area by 2050 AD. Received: 2 October 1997 · Accepted: 13 January 1998     

Heavy metal distribution in sediments from Calabar River, southeastern Nigeria

The concentration and areal distribution of selected metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in the sediments of the Calabar River were studied to determine the extent of anthropogenic input and to estimate the effects of dumping industrial waste materials into the river. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cu indicate relatively moderate pollution mainly on the left-hand side of the river while Ni, Cr, Co, Cd, and Fe levels are below values found to have adverse effects on the lives of marine biota. High metal contents are found close to industrial establishments and so enhanced metal concentrations are related to industrial sewage and metal leaching from garbage and solid waste dumps.     

Effects of pH, alkalinity and bedrock chemistry on metal concentrations of springs in an acidified catchment (Ecker Dam, Harz Mountains, FRG)

Thirty-four springs were sampled on five different source rocks in the upper Ecker watershed of the Northern Harz Mountains (Germany) four times during the course of 1995. The analyses included 41 cations and the major anions. Approximately 90% of the rocks in the upper Ecker watershed are low in basic cations, which inhibit the neutralisation of hydrogen-ion loading. As a consequence, the concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Y, Ce, As, La, Nd, Cd, Be, Co, Sb, Pr, Gd, Dy, Yb, Er, Sm, U, Tl, Ho and Tb of the Ecker dam water (pH=5.1) exceed those of the nearby Söse Dam water (pH=6.5) by almost one order of magnitude or more. With the exception of the spring waters on gabbro (pH up to 7.7) all waters on the highly siliceous rocks (quartzite, granite and gneiss) are dominated by sulfate anions with a pH range of 4–6. The concentrations of major conservative ions show a progressive increase with decreasing catchment elevation and decreasing average precipitation. Trace elements such as Sr, Be, Zn, Cd, Ba, Y, La, lanthanides, U, Li, Ni, Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Pb, As, Sb and Tl are increased in the low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC_(aq)) spring waters. The behaviours of Sr, Be, Zn, Cd, Ba, Y, La, lanthanides and U resemble that of the major cations. The highest concentrations of Li and Ni are found on quartzite. Al, Mn, Co and Cu exhibit no clear correlation with catchment elevation and one particular bedrock. The concentrations of V and Cr show a distinct increase in high ANC_(aq) spring waters on gabbro. Pb, As, Sb and Tl are characterized by being found in relatively high concentrations on granite at higher altitudes. Pb, As and Sb are affected by contaminated soils. The extreme variability of trace element concentrations of low ANC_(aq) spring waters cannot be explained by the rock data. It is mainly controlled by the topography-dependent weathering rates of the different rock-types and the decreasing dilution with decreasing catchment elevation.     

基于人工神经网络的暴雨预报方法探讨

探讨了基于人工神经网络模型的暴雨预报方法。该方法仿预报员的暴雨预报思路，在动力模式的降水预报产品、环流形势场和暴雨落区之间通过人工神经网络建立非线性的统计预报模型，该模型的输入是动力模式的降水预报和初始环流形势场的扩展正交分解主成份分量，输出是预报区域的暴雨落区预报。2000年的汛期试验表明该客观预报方法可明显改进数值预报模式的暴雨落区预报，因此可望在业务预报中有较好的应用前景。     

广东2008年罕见\

利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和WRFV3.6模式对2015年5月19—20日两广地区一次暴雨过程进行数值模拟,并利用模拟结果对其成因进行诊断分析。结果表明：此次暴雨过程主要受500 hPa上两槽一脊、副热带高压的共同作用以及850 hPa上稳定存在的切变线及低涡的影响而成;WRF3.6模式能够较好地模拟出此次过程雨强及雨带分布;利用模拟结果诊断分析表明,副热带高压边缘的暖湿气流和高空大尺度西风槽的干冷气流的交汇,为本次暴雨的产生提供水汽条件;850 hPa的低空切变线稳定存在于两广地区,并且低层强盛的急流建立起的水汽通道,为暴雨的形成提供了水汽条件和动力条件;本次暴雨过程的上升运动强盛且深厚,有助于低层暖湿空气向上输送,利于暴雨的发生、发展;螺旋度的中低层正中心、高层负中心的结构配置以及ξ_mpv1 < 0, ξ_mpv2 > 0的湿位涡分布表明大气处于极不稳定的状态,有利于对流的发展。

     

渤海湾贝壳堤研究现状及意义

贝壳堤是渤海湾西岸、西北岸近五六千年以来成陆过程中的一类重要地质现象。它的发育规模、时间跨度和所包含的地质古环境信息在第四纪地质研究中占有重要的位置。在整理总结前人有关贝壳堤研究的基础上，介绍了贝壳堤研究的现状、方法和意义，并指出了研究中仍需探讨的问题。