悬停式AUV控制策略研究

以悬停式AUVMM-01为试验平台,设计一种基于行为的控制体系结构。将AUV的行为划分为漫游、巡航和避障三个基本行为,并将模糊控制引入避障行为中,通过基于优先级的仲裁方式实现三种行为的有序协调,完成预定任务。同时,针对AUV的悬停需求,提出了增加内环速度反馈实现AUV稳定悬停的控制方法,定义一种新的高层自治控制系统与底层运动控制系统的接口。最后,通过建立整个系统的Simulink仿真模型,验证了该控制策略的有效性。     

Mining threatens isolated indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Amazon

The largest concentration of isolated indigenous peoples in the world is in the indigenous lands of the Brazilian Legal Amazon. However, the right to self-isolation and the survival of these societies are at risk because powerful interests want to exploit the natural assets of their relatively untouched areas. These ambitions are reflected in a recent bill (PL191/2020), which proposes opening up indigenous lands to mining. We assess the threat imposed by mining to isolated peoples and the indigenous territories they occupy. Specifically, we cross data on mining requests received by the National Mining Agency with information on the distribution of isolated indigenous groups recorded by the Socio-Environmental Institute, in order to evaluate the number and aerial extent of requests for mineral prospecting and operation registered in indigenous lands with isolated groups. We also analyze whether mining requests are related to the presence of isolated groups, the state of knowledge about them, and the current existence of illegal mining operations. Our results indicate that, even though mining is not yet allowed in indigenous lands, mining companies are very active in the search for exploitable areas in these territories. If bill PL191/2020 passes, mining operations would affect more than 10 million hectares in 25 indigenous lands in the Legal Amazon region that are home to 43 isolated groups. We found that the situation is especially worrisome for 21 isolated groups whose lands concentrate 97% of all mining requests. Mineral-rich areas overlap remote areas where more indigenous peoples persist in isolation, so that mining requests are significantly related to the presence of isolated groups. Nonetheless, we show that companies are hesitant to invest in lands with well-known isolated groups that could impede the licensing process and pose reputational risks to the companies. Brazil’s mechanisms for environmental and indigenous protection have been dismantled by the current presidential administration and offer no guarantees for a safe coexistence between extractive operations and isolated peoples. Thus, the approval of bill PL191/2020 could lead to undesired contact and the extinction of a large number of unique peoples, societies and cultures.     

Advising national climate policy makers: A longitudinal analysis of the UK Climate Change Committee

Despite the recent proliferation of national climate change advisory bodies, very little is known about what advice they provide, to whom, and when. To address these gaps in the literature, this article systematically analyses all 700 of the recommendations made by the UK Climate Change Committee (CCC) in the period 2009–20. The CCC is one of the oldest climate change advisory bodies of its kind in the world and its design has been widely emulated by other countries. For the first time, this article documents how the CCC’s mitigation and adaptation recommendations have changed over time with respect to their addressee, sectoral focus and policy targets. It reveals that they became: more numerous per year; more cross-sectoral in their nature; clearer in targeting a specific addressee; and more focused in referring to specific policy targets. By drawing on Fischer’s synthesis of policy evaluation to derive a measure of policy ambition, it also reveals that despite many of its recommendations being repeated year after year, the CCC has become more willing to challenge the policy status quo. It concludes by identifying future research needs in this important and fast-moving area of climate governance, notably understanding the conditions in which the recommendations of advisory bodies (do not) impact national policy.     

Aligning climate and sustainable development finance through an SDG lens. The role of development assistance in implementing the Paris Agreement

Climate change and development are strongly interconnected. An efficient use of financial resources would, thus require alignment between climate finance and development priorities, as set out in the context of both the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In this paper, we investigate to what extent climate-related official development assistance (ODA) before and after the Paris Agreement adoption supports the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, we assess to what extent donors align this finance with recipient countries’ climate-related priorities as spelled out in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). First, we find that climate-relevant ODA contributes to multiple SDGs, above all SDG 7 (energy) and SDG 11 (cities). Second, we find that there is substantial alignment between donors’ and recipients’ SDG priorities, but that this alignment has not improved in recent years, since the conclusion of the Paris Agreement. Third, we find that albeit climate-finance continues to be allocated more to climate-change mitigation than to adaptation, the difference became smaller in recent years. This reduced the misalignment with recipient countries’ NDC climate activities, which focus more on adaptation than mitigation. Overall, we identify coherence, gaps and opportunities for further alignment of climate and development actions, and related finance. Such an alignment is essential to increase the likelihood of implementation of the two international agreements and to ensure that action is guided by recipient countries’ needs.     

基于耦合协调视角的河北省旅游产业与区域经济一体化发展研究

在定性分析河北省旅游产业与区域经济发展现状的基础上,以耦合函数为基础,构建旅游产业与区域经济发展水平的耦合协调度模型,通过对相关指标数据的实证分析得出:11个地级市中仅秦皇岛的旅游产业与区域经济处于勉强协调,其他地级市则处于濒临失调状态中,故河北省整体耦合协调水平很低,区域经济尚未对旅游产业发展提供有力反哺。在此结论基础上,就如何深化一体化发展提出4个发展路径,以期为河北省旅游产业的快速发展提供有效指导。     

区域旅游流网络结构与环境响应研究——以京津冀地区为例

旅游流对区域旅游开发规划具有重要指导作用,如何实现旅游流与区域经济、社会、自然环境的协调发展成为许多地区亟待思考的问题。该文借助社会网络理论和方法研究区域旅游流网络结构体系,从经济、社会、自然环境角度分析区域旅游流网络结构的环境影响因子;通过构建耦合协调度模型测量环境因子对区域旅游流网络结构的影响强度,并利用Moran指数对区域旅游流网络结构与环境的耦合协调度进行全局及局部自相关分析。最后以京津冀地区为例,探查该地区旅游流网络结构与环境的响应效果,为区域旅游流网络结构优化提供决策参考。     

The ebb and flow of power: British flood risk management and the politics of scale

This paper examines the rescaling of flood risk management (FRM) in Britain over the past 70+ years. Drawing on recent research in geography and elsewhere – which has engaged the politics of scale literature with the rescaling of water and environmental governance – we seek to illustrate the mis-match between the rescaling of the geographical unit of management and the nexus of power and control of those engaged in FRM. For those seeking positive examples of multi-level decentralised governance in water resource management, where power is shared across the spatial scales, our historical analysis struggles to find evidence. Rather, despite attempts to ‘hollow-out’ the state through the scaling ‘out’ and ‘down’ of FRM responsibilities, our evidence suggests that the control over key decision-making tools, resources and other modalities of power remains in the hands of a few key national-level decision-makers; it is the responsibility that has been decentralised, not least to those at risk of flooding. The application of the politics of scale theorising in a FRM context is innovative and, importantly, our case study demonstrates that such politics does not have to involve open conflict but is much more subtle in its deployment of power.     

Environmental impacts of household appliances in Europe and scenarios for their impact reduction

Assessing the environmental impact due to consumption of goods and services is a pivotal step towards achieving the sustainable development goal related to responsible production and consumption (i.e. SDG 12). Household appliances plays a crucial role and should be assessed in a systemic manner, namely considering all life cycle stages, technological efficiency, and affluence aspects. The present study assess the impact of such household appliances used in Europe, and tests scenarios of potential impact reduction at various scales. Life cycle assessment is applied to 14 different household appliances (ranging from dishwashers to television devices) selected to build a set of representative products, based on their economic value and diffusion in households in Europe. Related impacts are calculated with the Environmental Footprint method for calculating a Consumer Footprint “appliances” for the baseline year 2010. A number of scenarios encompassing eco-solutions on a technical level, changes in consumption pattern, behavioral changes, as well as the combination of all these aspects are run to estimate the Consumer Footprint related to household appliances for the year 2030, compared against this baseline scenario. The baseline Consumer Footprint is confirming the importance of the use phase in leading the impacts in almost all impact categories. Testing different scenarios concludes that there is a reduction of the impact for most of the categories (with up to 67% for the ozone depletion potential, and still around 35% for the global warming potential), while two of the here examined impact categories (i.e. land-use and mineral resource depletion) show an overall potential that is even negative – i.e. the results of all scenarios are higher than the ones of the 2010 baseline scenario. The increase in purchase and use of such appliances may offset energy efficiency benefits in some of the examined categories. Hence, the assessment of sustainability of appliances consumption should always include several scales, from the efficiency of the products (micro scale), to the improvement of the energy mix (meso scale), up to accounting for socio-economic drivers and patterns of consumption affecting the overall appliances stock (macro scale).     

陆海统筹防治海洋污染政策是否行之有效——来自合成控制法的检验

为推进我国海洋经济和海洋生态环境的高质量和可持续发展,文章以浙江省防治海洋污染政策为例,基于2006—2017年我国48个沿海地区的面板数据,运用合成控制法定量评价陆海统筹防治海洋污染政策对宁波市海洋污染的影响,并对评价结果进行稳健性检验。研究结果表明:《浙江省近岸海域污染防治规划》围绕陆海统筹理念制定,2013年实施后有效缓解宁波市的海洋污染,促降效应的发挥同时存在时间上的滞后性和持续性,地区安慰剂和替换处理组的检验策略均证实该评价结果的稳健性。研究结果可为运用陆海统筹理念防治海洋污染提供重要的实证支持。     

汾河流域城市化与水资源耦合协调关系研究

通过构建汾河流域城市化与水资源系统指标体系,利用综合评价法对2010—2019年汾河流域城市化和水资源综合水平的变化趋势进行分析,在此基础上构建耦合协调度模型,分析汾河流域城市化与水资源的耦合协调关系。结果表明：汾河流域城市化综合指数整体呈上升趋势,城市化子系统重要程度表现为经济城市化>社会城市化>空间城市化>人口城市化;水资源综合指数呈波动上升趋势,水资源子系统重要程度呈现出水资源利用>水资源水平>水资源保护,水资源环境不断优化,2013年出现短期下降,主要受水资源量和用水量等要素的影响;从时间上看,2010—2019年汾河流域城市化与水资源耦合协调度不断提高,经历了从2010年低水平轻度失调到2019年高水平协调发展过程;空间上,2010—2019年汾河流域六市城市化与水资源耦合协调度不断提升,吕梁、太原、忻州达到良好协调水平,临汾、运城处于勉强协调水平,而晋中则处于磨合阶段的濒临失调水平。