半干旱区城镇周边防沙——以内蒙古乌审旗达布察克镇为例

中国半干旱区城镇众多,风沙灾害频发,开展城镇风沙灾害防治研究势在必行。以毛乌素沙地的乌审旗达布察克镇为例,对其周边沙尘源地和植被进行实地调查;在此基础上,结合单项植物、机械沙障防风原理的风洞模拟结果,提出各种沙尘源地亚类防沙治沙措施的合理配置。根据建立半干旱区城镇防沙工程体系的原则以及城镇周边不同下垫面的防沙治沙措施配置,达布察克镇防沙治沙模式可以概括为城镇周边的“三圈模式”。第一圈是以达布察克镇为核心的绿化景观带,这一圈层大致位于达布察克镇以外600~900 m宽度范围内。第二圈层为沙丘（地）封禁与农牧业生产区,包括两个次级圈层：设施农业次级圈层的宽度约为1 km;远郊沙丘（地）封禁与农牧户独立生产次级圈层的范围较大,这一次级圈层的显著特点是大面积用于生态环境建设和保护,小面积用于农牧业生产。第三圈层是沙丘（地）封禁保护圈。该圈层位于乌审旗的西北位置,圈层内主要包括流动、半流动沙丘链以及平坦流沙地,是达布察克镇上风向主要的沙尘源地,应按照防沙治沙原理对其进行封禁与保护。     

On crustal corrections in surface wave tomography

Mantle models from surface waves rely on good crustal corrections. We investigated how far ray theoretical and finite frequency approximations can predict crustal corrections for fundamental mode surface waves. Using a spectral element method, we calculated synthetic seismograms in transversely isotropic PREM and in the 3-D crustal model Crust2.0 on top of PREM, and measured the corresponding time-shifts as a function of period. We then applied phase corrections to the PREM seismograms using ray theory and finite frequency theory with exact local phase velocity perturbations from Crust2.0 and looked at the residual time-shifts. After crustal corrections, residuals fall within the uncertainty of measured phase velocities for periods longer than 60 and 80 s for Rayleigh and Love waves, respectively. Rayleigh and Love waves are affected in a highly non-linear way by the crustal type. Oceanic crust affects Love waves stronger, while Rayleigh waves change most in continental crust. As a consequence, we find that the imperfect crustal corrections could have a large impact on our inferences of radial anisotropy. If we want to map anisotropy correctly, we should invert simultaneously for mantle and crust. The latter can only be achieved by using perturbation theory from a good 3-D starting model, or implementing full non-linearity from a 1-D starting model.     

季节性冻融对盐荒地水盐运移的影响及调控

季节性冻融是干旱区土壤盐碱化形成的主要驱动因子,但冻融过程中土壤水盐耦合关系及热量调控机理仍不清楚。通过分析2009年11月～2010年5月新疆玛纳斯河流域典型盐荒地季节性冻融过程中土壤剖面160 cm以内的水分、盐分和温度动态变化,探讨了不同土层冻融过程中水热盐的耦合关系。结果表明：土壤最大冻结深度为150 cm左右,表土层（0～40 cm）温度与气温关系密切;土壤剖面水分呈现“C”型垂直分布,表土层和底土层（100～160 cm）含水量较大,而心土层（40～100 cm）含水量不足10%,土层平均含水率在冻融前期增加了12.91%,而在初蒸期减少了10.01%;土壤剖面盐分在冻结期和初蒸期表聚作用明显,心土层和底土层含盐量稳定,土壤剖面含盐量表现为“积盐-脱盐-再积盐”的变化过程。水热盐之间具有高度协同性,心土层和底土层表现为水盐相随、而表土层为水去盐留的耦合特征,热量传输是调控水盐运移的关键因素。     

1960-2015年青海三江源地区降水时空特征

青海三江源地区是中国生态系统最为敏感和脆弱的地区,其降水特别是生长季降水的波动,是影响本区及江河中下游水资源安全、生态系统可持续发展的关键因素。综合线性趋势、Mann-Kendall检验、BG分割算法、R/S、EEMD等多方法细致辨识了1960-2015年研究区降水量序列的时空特征。结果显示：① 三江源降水量总体呈现弱增趋势,21世纪以来降水量显著增加,各子源区气候倾向率不尽相同;② 年、季降水量自东南向西北递减,澜沧江源区夏季降水和黄河源区秋季降水呈弱减趋势,雨量弱减区在空间上呈斑块状分布;③ 年、季降水量年代际变化和增湿率的空间差异较明显,春夏季降水气候倾向率与经纬度、海拔的复相关性显著高于冬季;④ 20世纪90年代中后期,各子源区降水总体显现增强信号,并于2002年前后发生突变;⑤ 年际和低值年代际显著周期是造成降水量变动的主要因素;⑥ 除澜沧江源区夏季降水趋于减少外,其他年、季降水量变化呈现增幅不一的转湿趋势;⑦ 横向比较各子源区可见,长江源区降水变化更能表征高原气候变化。研究结果显示,研究区降水时空序列变化具有明显的区域和季节差异性特征,与以往类似研究存在些许差异,可见为有效提高气候序列演变过程及突变诊断的准确性,仍需进一步融合多方法实施集成分析。     

George J. Miller award for Distinguished Service

Abstract

With this paper, I elaborate the use of the movies American History X and Mi Familia in classroom settings to highlight issues of ethnicity and the social construction of identity through families and communities. Taken together, these movies draw attention to racial geographies of Los Angeles but in very different ways. I contrast the ways they involve familial reactions to geographies of exclusion and betrayal, and how racial space is structured through larger community and institutional relations. I speak to how these issues are broached in a large introductory, interdisciplinary class.     

囊果碱蓬离子含量及分布特点

为研究真盐生植物矿质营养特征,以北疆荒漠囊果碱蓬群落为对象,通过土壤及植株调查,分析其矿质元素特征。结果显示：（1）囊果碱蓬的生长增加了0~30cm土壤的pH值、水分及盐份含量,并使盐分在土层重新分布。（2）根系相对于土壤,具有优先吸收K⁺、Mg²⁺ 养分离子的特点;叶片相对于根系,具有优先运输Cl^-、Na⁺、SO₄^2- 盐分离子的特点,同一离子在吸收和运输的选择不一致,与其在整株的功能相关。（3）Cl^-、Na⁺、SO₄^2- 积累于叶片,含量远大于K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺ ,Cl^- 和Na⁺ 可能相伴向上运输,K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺ 在根、茎、叶保持基本不变的比例。（4）囊果碱蓬属于SO₄ -Cl 盐积累植物,而背景土壤为Cl-SO₄ 型盐土。     

Habitat modeling for health sovereignty: Increasing indigenous access to medicinal plants in northern Maine,USA

Medicinal plants and fungi play important roles in the health of Maliseet people of northern Maine, USA. A critical aspect of exercising choice in health care for this community is the ability to locate and have access to these plants. Habitat suitability modeling is a form of geospatial technology that can enhance health sovereignty by identifying locations in which populations of medicinal plants can be conserved or established. However, use of this technology within indigenous communities has been limited. Focusing on the medicinal plant muskrat root, Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf., we generate a habitat suitability model for eastern Aroostook County, Maine (1,055,653.659 ha) that also takes community needs into consideration. Drawing on participatory ethnographic data as well as environmental characteristics, our model combines ecological and sociocultural parameters to identify previously unknown populations of A. americanus that are accessible to tribal elders. Our model successfully predicted 95% of A. americanus locations in our field validation data set of ∼71,000 ha. Results suggest that approximately 0.6% of our study area contains suitable habitat to plant muskrat root that could also meet tribal members' gathering needs for the future. Increasing the number of potential collection sites gives communities options for gathering, thereby enhancing health sovereignty. Broadly, our work suggests that, when done in partnership with communities, different forms of geospatial technology can be beneficial tools for efforts to promote health sovereignty.     

GPS卫星运动状态算法及其软件实现

确定卫星的位置和速度是GPS定位导航的基础,以二体问题为基础,介绍了卫星运动状态的计算方法,建立了计算卫星实时位置、速度的数学模型,并运用C 语言实现了算法,证实了算法的正确性。     

The Spatial Pattern of Complementary and Alternative Medical Offices Across Ontario and Within Intermediate-Sized Metropolitan Areas

Complementary and alternative medical approaches such as chiropractic, massage, acupuncture, holistic, and naturopathic therapies act as complements to, and in some cases replacements for, conventional medical techniques. The growing acceptance of the benefits of "traditional" medicine in the Canadian province of Ontario continues to provide complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners with business opportunities, but to date little attention has been directed toward the spatial patterns exhibited by these operations. A province-wide database of 4,599 records, containing addresses and selected characteristics (e.g., sales, employment) of CAM offices, is utilized to describe the geographic pattern across Ontario. An additional database allows for the assessment of four intermediate-sized census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Ontario (Kingston, Guelph, Thunder Bay, and Greater Sudbury), and it is determined (using a general nearest neighbor analysis and a nearest neighbor hierarchical clustering procedure) that CAM offices are significantly clustered in specific portions of each CMA. The results from a survey administered to CAM practitioners suggests that the benefits of urbanization economies are biasing location decisions within these CMAs, and that localization economies advantages appear to be influencing complementary and alternative healthcare specialists to share offices.