微地域搬运——碳酸盐岩红色风化壳形成过程的一种方式

由于差异溶蚀作用,由碳酸盐岩强烈风化形成的红色风化壳通常表现出独特的剖面构型:风化壳发育深厚、下伏基岩面强烈起伏波动、溶沟和石牙相间展布。以黔中岩溶台地之上发育的红色风化壳——平坝剖面为例,通过宏观地质、地球化学、粒度分析以及矿物学等方法,并以邻近的两个石灰土剖面(罗吏剖面和龙洞堡剖面)作对比,对碳酸盐岩红色风化壳的形成过程进行了讨论,论证了微地域搬运是碳酸盐岩红色风化壳尤其是厚层红色风化壳形成过程的一种方式。溶沟部位的风化壳,从风化前锋向上的一定深度范围内,为原位残积风化的产物(残积层);在此深度以上的部分,为地势较高的相邻石牙部位不同风化程度的残积物的搬运堆积(堆积层),也是导致风化指标随深度呈锯齿状波动的直接原因。后者一般组成剖面的主体。风化壳的年代地层学表现为,在残积层,从风化前锋向上,风化年龄由新到老;在堆积层,从下到上,风化年龄由老到新。风化前锋是一个重要的地球化学作用场所,在这一狭窄的界面上,伴随碳酸盐矿物的快速淋失,残余酸不溶物开始了明显分解。而风化壳的后期演化是一个缓慢而长期的过程。达到重力平衡的剖面(即风化壳表面平缓、不发生微地域搬运的剖面),在由表及里的风化作用下,从地表向下的一定深度范...     

一次阵风锋主导的雷暴大风过程雷达回波特征分析

利用常规资料、自动站加密资料、探空资料、ERA5再分析数据及多普勒天气雷达资料,对2021年4月30日影响浙北沿海的一次强对流天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次过程发生在高空冷涡及其槽后强劲的西北急流背景下,低空切变线和地面辐合线共同提供了抬升触发条件。(2)适当的对流抑制能量CIN、相对较低的自由对流高度LFC和较高的对流有效位能CAPE有利于形成上冷下暖的不稳定层结,深厚的垂直风切变配合中层干空气夹卷,使得强对流天气进一步发生、维持和发展。(3)此次阵风锋发展经历了3个阶段,产生阵风锋的雷暴主体发展强烈并引起地面大风时,存在强回波中心高度快速下降、后侧中层强入流、径向速度辐散场及速度模糊等特征。(4)强冷空气堆下沉形成气压梯度密集区和风温湿切变易造成雷暴大风天气,负变温中心及正变压中心对强对流有一定指示性。(5)阵风锋过境时常出现气压陡升、风速加大、风向突变、温度骤降,由于雷达观测距离限制,预报员需前期分析潜势,结合自动站要素与雷达信息共同研判。     

柱下独立基础稳健性设计与分析

岩土工程随机参数统计特征的不确定性,使得岩土工程可靠度设计存在一定风险。岩土工程稳健性设计能够充分考虑随机参数的不确定性结合结构安全性、稳健性和经济性实现最优设计。针对随机参数统计特征的不确定性对柱下独立基础设计的影响,基于可靠度理论和岩土工程稳健性设计方法,考虑岩土参数、混凝土和钢筋材料力学参数统计特征不确定性的影响,以独立基础几何尺寸作为可控设计参数进行设计分析。将独立基础地基承载力、地基变形、基础结构冲切破坏和基础弯曲破坏4种失效模式视为串联系统,进行多失效模式下的结构体系稳健性设计,分析了多失效模式下结构几何参数与结构体系可靠度的关系。结合稳健性和经济性,进行了独立基础多目标优化设计,确定柱下独立基础设计的最优解。     

The sediment budget and dynamics of a delta‐canyon‐lobe system over the Anthropocene timescale: The Rhone River delta,Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France)

Deltas are important coastal sediment accumulation zones in both marine and lacustrine settings. However, currents derived from tides, waves or rivers can transfer that sediment into distal, deep environments, connecting terrestrial and deep marine depozones. The sediment transfer system of the Rhone River in Lake Geneva is composed of a sublacustrine delta, a deeply incised canyon and a distal lobe, which resembles, at a smaller scale, deep‐sea fan systems fed by high discharge rivers. From the comparison of two bathymetric datasets, collected in 1891 and 2014, a sediment budget was calculated for eastern Lake Geneva, based on which sediment distribution patterns were defined. During the past 125 years, sediment deposition occurred mostly in three high sedimentation rate areas: the proximal delta front, the canyon‐levée system and the distal lobe. Mean sedimentation rates in these areas vary from 0·0246 m year^?1 (distal lobe) to 0·0737 m year^?1 (delta front). Although the delta front–levées–distal lobe complex only comprises 17·0% of the analysed area, it stored 74·9% of the total deposited sediment. Results show that 52·5% of the total sediment stored in this complex was transported toward distal locations through the sublacustrine canyon. Namely, the canyon–levée complex stored 15·9% of the total sediment, while 36·6% was deposited in the distal lobe. The results thus show that in deltaic systems where density currents can occur regularly, a significant proportion of riverine sediment input may be transferred to the canyon‐lobe systems leading to important distal sediment accumulation zones.     

基于高度计观测和模式数据诊断南大洋主要锋面与涡旋的特征

锋面和涡旋是南大洋重要的中尺度过程,南极绕极环流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current,ACC)系统中的锋面及其裹携的涡旋构成了能量和物质的东向传播通道,对全球大洋的能量和物质平衡具有重要影响.基于海表高度计和B-SOSE(Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State E...     

The effect of the East China Sea Kuroshio Front on the marine atmospheric boundary layer

Various satellite data, JRA-25 (Japan reanalysis of 25 years) reanalyzed data and WRF (Weather Research Forecast) model are used to investigate the in situ effect of the ESKF (East China Sea Kuroshio Front) on the MABL (marine atmospheric boundary layer). The intensity of the ESKF is most robust from January to April in its annual cycle. The local strong surface northerly/northeasterly winds are observed right over the ESKF in January and in April and the wind speeds decrease upward in the MABL. The thermal wind effect that is derived from the baroclinic MABL forced by the strong SST gradient contributes to the strong surface winds to a large degree. The convergence zone existing along the warm flank of the ESKF is stronger in April than in January corresponding to the steeper SST (sea surface temperature) gradient. The collocations of the cloud cover maximum and precipitation maximum are basically consistent with the convergence zone of the wind field. The clouds develop higher (lower) in the warm (cold) flank of the ESKF due to the less (more) stable stratification in the MABL. The lowest clouds are observed in April on the cold flank of the ESKF and over the Yellow Sea due to the existence of the pronounced temperature inversion. The numerical experiments with smoothed SST are consistent with the results from the ovservations.     

Subduction tectonics vs.plume tectonics——Discussion on driving forces for plate motion

Plate tectonics describes the horizontal motions of lithospheric plates,the Earths outer shell,and interactions among them across the Earths surface.Since the establishment of the theory of plate tectonics about half a century ago,considerable debates have remained regarding the driving forces for plate motion.The early"Bottom up"view,i.e.,the convecting mantledriven mechanism,states that mantle plumes originating from the core-mantle boundary act at the base of plates,accelerating continental breakup and driving plate motion.Toward the present,however,the"Top down"idea is more widely accepted,according to which the negative buoyancy of oceanic plates is the dominant driving force for plate motion,and the subducting slabs control surface tectonics and mantle convection.In this regard,plate tectonics is also known as subduction tectonics."Top down"tectonics has received wide supports from numerous geological and geophysical observations.On the other hand,recent studies indicate that the acceleration/deceleration of individual plates over the million-year timescale may reflect the effects of mantle plumes.It is also suggested that surface uplift and subsidence within stable cratonic areas are correlated with plumerelated magmatic activities over the hundred-million-year timescale.On the global scale,the cyclical supercontinent assembly and breakup seem to be coupled with superplume activities during the past two billion years.These correlations over various spatial and temporal scales indicate the close relationship and intensive interactions between plate tectonics and plume tectonics throughout the history of the Earth and the considerable influence of plumes on plate motion.Indeed,we can acquire a comprehensive understanding of the driving forces for plate motion and operation mechanism of the Earth's dynamic system only through joint analyses and integrated studies on plate tectonics and plume tectonics.     

Analytic solutions to the advective contaminant transport equation with non-linear sorption

This paper considers advective transport of a soluble contaminant through saturated soil with non-linear sorption of the contaminant onto a stationary porous media. The non-linear sorption isotherms considered in the transport analysis are the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherms. A special case of the Freundlich sorption isotherm is the linear sorption isotherm, and it is shown that in this case transport through a homogeneous soil results in the initial concentration profile simply being translated in the direction of the groundwater flow. However, when the sorption isotherm is non-linear the initial concentration profile distorts as it is translated with the groundwater flow, leading to the development of concentration shock fronts and rarefactions. Analytic solutions to the non-linear first-order hyperbolic equations are developed for a number of contaminant transport problems of practical significance. It is shown that in the case of the Langmuir sorption isotherms, shock fronts develop at the leading edge of the concentration profile while for the Freundlich sorption isotherm shock fronts may develop at either the leading or trailing edge of the concentration profile. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

基于多因素椭圆堆叠的岩土细观建模方法

天然岩土体具有复杂的细观结构和组成特征,现有细观建模方法难以解决任意粒径、长短轴比、倾角以及平面分布特征的多因素岩土体细观建模问题。为此基于椭圆的4段圆弧等效,结合改进的分组波前堆叠法,实现了任意粒径、长短轴比、倾角以及平面分布的快速高体积率椭圆堆叠,并以此建立了与堆叠椭圆粒径、长短轴比、倾角以及平面分布一致的凸多边形结构。与现有的椭圆堆叠ALA法和圆盘堆叠ODR方法相比,提出的方法具有更高的椭圆堆叠体积率和堆叠效率,MATLAB环境下椭圆堆叠效率为500～600个/s。与现有仅能考虑颗粒粒径分布的岩土细观建模GBM法相比,提出的方法可以同时考虑颗粒的粒径、长轴、倾角,以及平面分布4个因素,快速生成任意粒径、长短轴比、倾角以及平面分布的颗粒堆积,并建立与椭圆分布一致的岩石细观结构。通过两个岩土体细观建模案例分析表明,所提方法可以提高岩土体模型的细观建模精度与生成效率。     

浙江省梅雨锋强降水的锋生及环流特征分析

为了研究浙中西（浙江省中部和西部）梅雨锋强降水的锋生及环流特征,以2016年6月15日一次典型梅雨为代表,采用ERA-INTERIM（0.25°×0.25°）再分析资料、FY-2E卫星云顶亮温和雷达资料,运用风场分解、合成分析等方法对锋生与强降水的对应关系及环流结构进行分析。结果表明:此次典型梅雨处于有利的天气尺度背景下,强降水区与中低层锋生区有较好对应。锋区维持时,强降水区伴随中层倾斜锋生和形变锋生;锋区南压时,强降水区伴随中层倾斜锋生和低层水平锋生。低层梅雨锋北侧为超地转偏西气流,南侧为非地转东南气流,它们分别影响了北侧非平衡偏北气流和南侧平衡西南气流的发展,从而影响锋生系统。在锋区存在低层地转偏差辐合、高层辐散的上升运动,形成次级环流上升支,锋后反之。此外,锋前低空纬向风为次地转,而锋后低空纬向风为超地转,高空纬向风为次地转,这进一步促进了次级环流的发展。合成场中,在200 hPa西风槽槽后及槽前分别存在西北气流和西南气流显著增强区;在700 hPa浙北（浙江北部）地区存在东北气流显著增强区。合成锋生各分解项的水平及垂直分布与典型个例较类似。低层锋生主要由散度项贡献,形变项次之,倾斜项则起负作用;中层锋生主要由倾斜项贡献,形变项次之;高层锋消主要由倾斜项贡献。