中国长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨形成机理以及监测与预测理论和方法研究

国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“我国重大天气灾害形成机理与预测理论研究”经过项目全体科学家的 5a研究 ,取得了一系列重要的研究成果 :(1)提出了基于多种实时观测资料的梅雨锋暴雨的多尺度物理模型 ;(2 )建立了梅雨锋暴雨的天气学模型 ;(3)梅雨锋是由多个不同尺度系统构成的梅雨锋系 ,它具有介于温带锋系结构与热带辐合带结构之间的副热带锋系结构 ,在长江中下游有时可表现为双锋结构。锋前的湿物理过程与锋上强对流系统发展形成的正反馈过程以及梅雨锋系的不同尺度系统的相互作用是梅雨锋维持与发展的重要机制 ;(4 )提出了多种中尺度暴雨的定量卫星遥感反演理论和方法 ,并形成一系列新的反演产品 ;(5 )成功地研究了双多普勒雷达同步探测和反演中尺度暴雨三维结构的理论和方法 ;(6 )发展了配有三维变分同化系统的中尺度暴雨数值预报模式系统 ,在 2 0 0 3年淮河抗洪救灾中发挥了积极作用。上述研究成果表明该项目已经圆满地完成了预定的目标与任务。     

春季黑潮延伸体海洋锋区经向位移与东亚大气环流的关系

采用高分辨率的海表温度资料定义了春季黑潮延伸体北侧海洋锋区的南北位置,并采用EOF分析、相关分析、合成分析、带通滤波等方法,探讨了其南北向位置变动与高空急流、风暴轴以及后期东亚降水之间的关系。结果表明,春季黑潮延伸体北侧海洋锋区位置的南北变动存在明显的年际、年代际变化,其与6月东亚高空急流、太平洋区域风暴轴的南北位置具有很好的对应关系。当春季黑潮延伸体海洋锋区偏北时,6月东亚高空急流、太平洋区域风暴轴偏北,反之亦然。进一步的研究还表明,春季黑潮延伸体海洋锋区经向位置的变动可通过影响东亚大气环流对6月东亚地区的降水产生影响,黑潮延伸体海洋锋区偏北(南)年,6月雨带有显著的北(南)移。     

"99·6"梅雨锋暴雨低涡切变线的数值模拟和分析

在天气分析的基础上,利用非静力中尺度模式MM5和四维资料同化逼进方法及双向三重嵌套网格技术,对1999年6月23～25日(简称"99·6")发生在长江中下游地区的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明:模拟结果与观测结果的比较指出,高分辨数值模式MM5可以成功地模拟梅雨锋中尺度低涡切变线的发生和发展;模拟结果显示,在α中尺度低涡切变线发展过程中,低层强的西南急流和东北气流增强了低层的辐合;而高空的西风急流和东风急流则增强了高空的辐散;正是由于这种从高空到低空环流的配置,才促进了α中尺度低涡不断发展;模拟低涡切变线不同部位的垂直环流和物理量场表明,"99·6"梅雨锋低涡切变线的结构非常复杂:在梅雨锋的发展期,暖锋附近的垂直上升运动最强,低涡中心次之,冷锋附近最弱.模拟结果也表明,由于下垫面特征的不同,中国和日本的梅雨锋暖锋附近环流结构有较大的区别;模拟结果显示,在α中尺度低涡发展过程中,不断有扰动在低涡前部发展,激发并分裂出一系列的β中尺度系统,β中尺度系统运动剧烈,但由于其低层辐合强于中空辐散,所以当它远离母体时会很快衰减.     

梅雨锋上边界层中尺度扰动涡旋的个例研究

运用实况自动站、高时空分辨率的雷达和数值模拟资料,对2009年7月24日的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了分析,结果表明:(1)锋面南侧的暖区弱降水环境内,近地面的风场会有扰动涡旋出现,随着扰动涡旋趋于稳定和向上发展,降水迅速加强,形成短时暴雨,并伴随有大风出现。(2)偏西气流从边界层开始发展并加强为急 流,在向东推进的过程中逐渐抬升,形成了一支从边界层倾斜入对流层低层的急流轴;而偏南气流与偏北风相遇之后,不仅形成风向的辐合和切变,而且在空间上被抬升,形成了一支斜升入流。(3)在近地面风场的切变和 辐合作用下,锋生与辐合同步加强,边界层内的涡度也逐渐增强,由此带动了扰动的发生发展,扰动涡旋在边界层内率先形成,随后,在急流的东传和抬升影响下,扰动涡旋也逐步向东移动、向上发展。(4)近地面风速的加强、风向的辐合切变导致了扰动涡旋的发生和形成,并逐渐发展,这是边界层中尺度扰动涡旋发生发展的动力 因子。     

梅雨锋结构的数值模拟

利用1999年6月下旬持续性梅雨锋降水过程的全程四维同化模拟结果,深入分析梅雨锋结构的时空不均匀变化特征及其与低涡降水强度的密切关系。结果表明,梅雨锋呈现明显的中层锋和边界层锋两段锋的特征,中层梅雨锋区对降水的影响比边界层锋更为关键,中层锋的加强、锋坡增大趋于垂直、锋区垂直环流的加强和与高空急流锋区的上下贯通,有利于梅雨锋降水的加强,强降水并不出现于中层锋区最强的时段,而是发生于大范围锋区强度达峰值之后约16—24 h。中低层总变形加强与梅雨锋的加强有密切关系。组成低空急流的中低层u,v分量呈现不同的分布和演变特征,强南风中心位于900—800 hPa,呈明显的低空急流状特征,贴近暴雨区还可能出现较小尺度的急流;而强西风中心出现于中层锋前700—500 hPa,表现为高空强西风区沿锋区上界的向下延伸;低空南风急流通常与总变形同时加强。强锋段的锋前饱和高湿高能气柱、锋前中低层急流状南风区和中层西风均匀大值区等要素场呈现高度组织化的特征。梅雨锋的低层特性,如辐合、锋区强度、总变形和南风分量及降水强度等要素呈现显著的中尺度扰动特征,有明显的日变化且受长江中下游中尺度地形影响,扰动特征有随时间上传的趋势。     

1996年汛期暴雨特征分析

该文利用实测资料，采用ＨＬＡＦＳ模式计算的物理参数分析了１９９６年汛期暴雨的天气气候特征并对梅雨活跃时段４次强降雨天气过程及９６０８号台风强暴雨的成因进行了诊断分析，所得结果有利于实时预报业务和科研工作。     

陕甘宁盆地西峰油田主要产层储油砂体沉积微相组合及特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地西峰地区晚三叠世延长组为例,对辫状河三角洲前缘沉积体系中以水下分流河道和河口坝两种储油微相为主导的多种微相组合进行研究,提出将其划分为“水下分流河道区”、“水下分流河道与河口坝混合区”、“河口坝区”和“河口坝与滑塌体混合区”四段微相组合区。文中对辫状河三角洲前缘中的沉积微相进行了详细刻画,例如,将水下分流河道划分为箱形叠加式、箱-钟形叠加式和钟形叠加式3种;将水下分流河道与河口坝组合划分为“河上坝”和“坝上河”两大类,及其以河为主的“坝上河”、以坝为主的“坝上河”、连续式“河上坝”和叠加式“河上坝”等4种亚类;将河口坝组合划分为迁移河口坝和叠加河口坝;将河口坝与滑塌体组合划分为坝顶滑塌和坝底滑塌,并讨论了各微相组合的形成机制。     

Recent Advance in the Interior Structure and Dynamics of Venus

Venus is similar to the Earth in size， mass， composition and distance to the sun. However， Venus has neither plate tectonics nor dynamo that exists on the Earth. The lithosphere of Venus is very thick based on its topography and gravity. The admittance and correlation between Venusian geoid and topography are very high， suggesting that they are strongly influenced by the internal dynamical process of Venus. Analyses show that there may be 10 Hawaii-like mantle plumes in Venusian mantle. Data from Venus Express has shown evidence for recent active volcanism among several of these plumes. The distribution of impact craters on Venus shows that Venusian surface has a young age and the age is averaged about 500 Ma， suggesting that Venus may have experienced a global resurfacing event. However， whether this resurfacing is catastrophic or equilibrium is still under debate. It is also unclear whether Venus had plate tectonics in the past， is it always in stagnant lid regime， or might it have an entirely different mode？In general， the style of mantle convection on Venus is quite different from that of the Earth which is manifested by the plate tectonics. Here we reviewed the main observations including gravity， topography and surface tectonics which provide constrains on the interior structure and dynamics of Venus， and recent advance in the interior structure and dynamics of Venus. This review aims to provide new insights into the interior dynamics of Venus.     

Measurements and calculations of seasonal evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces: Implications for rock weathering

Evaporation from porous rock plays an important role in weathering processes. In the case of salt weathering, the evaporation rate controls supersaturation of salt solutions within pores and the amount of precipitated aggressive salts, therefore weathering occurs mostly in places with intense evaporation. Evaporation also strongly affects frost, hydric and biogenic weathering, as these are influenced by water content and its temporal changes. Despite its importance, evaporation from porous rocks has seen little scientific focus. We present a study on evaporation from bare sandstone, one of the most common rocks affected by weathering. A new method that measures the evaporation rate from the surfaces of sandstone samples under field microclimate was developed and tested. Also, a simple calculation of 1D evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces based on Fick's law of diffusion is presented. The measurement was performed using sandstone cores (with a set depth of the vaporization plane) in a humid continental climate and measured on a roughly monthly interval for about 1 year. For the calculations, a laboratory-measured water-vapour diffusion coefficient of the sandstone, in-situ seasonally measured vaporization plane depth, and values of air humidity and temperature were used. The sensitivity analyses showed that the most important factor controlling the evaporation rate was the vaporization plane depth, while seasonal and spatial changes of air humidity and temperature were of lesser importance. The calculated evaporation rate reasonably follows measured values. For its simplicity and the small number of parameters required, the proposed method has the potential to improve knowledge of weathering and living conditions of endolithic and epilithic organisms. Further research should focus on factors affecting the evaporation rate (wind, hygroscopicity, hydrophobicity, etc.) to improve the accuracy of the calculations, as well as to test the applicability of the method for other lithologies and climates. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

罕见的一次暴雨形势场回顾

应用常规气象观测资料、天气图、气象卫星、雷达资料等,对2008年7月30—31日发生在内蒙古鄂尔多斯市北部的一次区域性暴雨天气进行综合分析,结果表明:西太平洋副热带高压西伸北挺和西来槽东移,为暴雨形成提供了有利的大尺度环流背景,高空急流、切变线、地面冷锋是暴雨产生的主要影响系统,偏南气流的建立为暴雨提供了源源不断的水汽条件。