非饱和透明土优先流迁移规律分析

为实现土的非饱和优先流迁移可视化,设计立柱装置进行非饱和渗流试验,采用透明土与数字图像处理技术,建立归一化像素强度与透明土饱和度的关系,在此基础上,通过室内模型试验,研究优先流路径连通性与相邻优先流路径旋转角对非饱和土优先流迁移的影响。试验结果表明：基于图像灰度像素强度表征非饱和透明土饱和度方法是可行的;全连通优先流（O-O型）与上连通优先流（O-C型）剖面呈现T型,中心轴剖面饱和度与边缘差异明显,下连通优先流路径（C-O型）中土体油压与基质势不足以使流体进入优先流路径形成优先流,入渗趋势与均匀流一致,O-C型优先流的稳定入渗率和湿润锋推移速度分别为C-O型的1.5倍和1.4倍;相邻O-C型优先流之间区域形成新的优先流,土体达到较高饱和度,增长速率随旋转角的增加而减小,优先流转角为90?、60?、30?时稳定入渗速率分别为均匀流的1.5、1.3、1.2倍;流体受重力影响,转角小的优先流仅沿路径一侧水平渗透,但湿润锋推移速度分别为均匀流的1.3、1.4、1.5倍,相邻优先流相互作用减弱,难以形成新的优先流。     

Enhanced bioturbation on the down‐drift flank of a Turonian asymmetrical delta: Implications for seaway circulation,river nutrients and facies models

Extant models predict delta front environments down‐drift of river mouths as unfavourable for organisms because of the physico‐chemical stresses caused by sediment and fresh water influx. This study, however, finds evidence for near‐optimal living conditions down‐drift of contemporaneous mouth bars and distributary channels, as well as at the tops of abandoned lobes, in part of the asymmetrical ‘Notom Delta’ complex of the Ferron Sandstone (Turonian, south‐eastern Utah, USA). Presented herein is a sedimentological and ichnological model using thirty‐two detailed measured sections along a 16 km transect through two continuously exposed, ca 10 m thick allomembers containing delta front, mouth bar and distributary channel facies. Azimuths from sedimentary structures show south‐eastward deflection of near‐shore palaeocurrents relative to the inferred north–south shoreline, as well as minor reversal of flow. Two end‐member trace fossil suites are recognized in delta front sandstones: (i) a stressed suite of low abundance, low diversity, diminutive traces reflecting mobile deposit feeding, resting and locomotion behaviours; and (ii) a comparatively unstressed, high abundance, moderate diversity suite with a regular, heterogeneous distribution of deep, vertical or U‐shaped suspension‐feeding burrows which, in places, thoroughly homogenize the sandstones. The down‐drift side of the delta was colonized by suspension feeders during seasonal reversal of the seaway gyre when mud plumes were swept northward or when river‐derived nutrients were sufficiently concentrated relative to fresh water and sediment input. During normal seaway circulation, very high sedimentation rates and mud‐laden, wave‐dampened waters down‐drift of the river mouths heightened the preservation potential of the pervasively bioturbated facies. Up‐drift of the river mouths, these bioturbated facies were either not preserved or not developed until the lobe was abandoned. This alternative model for delta planform asymmetry contributes to the refinement of facies models for deltaic systems and provides a framework for predicting the distribution of bioturbation‐enhanced porosity and permeability in lobe‐deflected deltas.     

塔里木盆地北缘库车再生前陆褶皱逆冲带中丘里塔格前锋带的构造与油气

丘里塔格背斜带是库车再生前陆褶皱逆冲带的前锋构造带。依据各段不同的构造特点,沿走向自东向西可分为东丘里塔格段、库车塔吾段、南、北丘里塔格段和亚克里克—阿瓦特段。其中东丘里塔格段和库车塔吾段以浅部膝折褶皱或断层传播褶皱与深部的断层转折褶皱相叠置为特点。而南、北丘里塔格段和亚克里克—阿瓦特段则以发育膝折褶皱、断层传播褶皱、断层转折褶皱以及相伴生的纵向走滑逆冲断层为特点。该构造带有良好的油气前景,寻找深部完整的断层转折褶皱背斜圈闭以及纵向走滑逆冲断层下盘的圈闭是重要的勘探方向。     

Evaluation of anthropogenic and biogenic inputs into the western Mediterranean using molecular markers

Aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), sterols (ST), and lipid classes were determined in suspended particles collected in the Catalan Sea, northwestern Mediterranean. Principal Component Analysis of the data set revealed a clustering of samples depending on the sources of organic matter, i.e., coastal influenced, open sea and frontal zone. Terrestrial inputs were recognized in particles collected in the surface waters, at the vicinities of river outflow (i.e., Rhône and Ebro), by a predominance of C₂₉ and C₃₁ n-alkanes, 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (S12), and the anthropogenic 5β(H)-cholestan-3β-ol, coprostanol (S1). Phytoplanktonic molecular markers (n-C₁₇, 27-nor-24-methylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol, cholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol and 24-methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol) were widespread but relatively more apparent in the open sea and frontal zones. A similar distribution was observed for lipid classes, with higher concentrations of phospholipids, and an enrichment in free fatty acids in the areas influenced by river discharges. Total sterol, the unresolved complex mixture of hydrocarbons and the pristane–phytane ratio were highest at a persistent frontal zone, possibly reflecting the combination of a higher primary productivity and fossil hydrocarbon absorption on to suspended particles. Moreover, vertical profiles exhibited a subsurface concentration maximum at 20–30 m water depth, concurrently with the chlorophyll.     

2008年6月26日锡林浩特暴雨天气过程分析及服务情况

受高空冷涡和鄂海高压的共同影响,2008年6月26日锡林浩特市出现了一次暴雨过程。通过分析表明:(1)700、850hPa的切变线,为降雨提供了辐合条件和触发条件。(2)地面冷暖锋维持少动,T-logP图中的不稳定能量和充沛的水汽,使降雨量增大。(3)雷达回波显示为絮状,东北移的过程中有气旋性运动,且有最大速度模糊,风向随高度顺转,对强降雨的发生有很好的指示意义。同时,根据分析结果,及时、到位的做好服务工作,有效减少了人民群众的财产损失。     

Formation of the thermal-driven boundary jet in an f-plane mesoscale basin

The paper adopts an f-plane quasi-geostrophic inertial model without linearization to investigate the perturbation temperature, boundary jet and upwelling (downwelling) in an idealized rectangular basin, under the consideration of west side friction layer and heat conservation. There is net heat input on the upper surface and equal quality heat dissipation on the west boundary, and without heat exchange on other boundaries, then the heat is conservation in the whole basin. Results show that there is thermal front due to denseness of the perturbation temperature in the west side boundary, the perturbation pressure and flow field are reversal on the upper layer and bottom layer. On the bottom layer, the west coastal current is northward, and the maximum perturbation pressure center is on the west, however, on the upper layer, the east coastal current is southward, and the maximum perturbation pressure center is on the east. There is strong vertical flow in narrow western boundary layer, and also in the central zone. The effect of different upper thermal forcings is also studied, and it can be concluded that there is always temperature denseness and boundary jet near the west boundary, and the appearance of flow field reversal, but the distribution of vertical flow is rather different.     

Numerical study of generation of the tidal shear front off the Yellow River mouth

Tidal shear front off the Yellow River mouth has been observed and modeled in the previous studies. However, a detailed investigation of the front generation has not been conducted. The aim of this paper is to use a three-dimensional tidal model coupled to a sediment transport module to examine the front formation. The model predicted a tidal shear front that propagated offshore and lasted 1–2 h at both flood and ebb phase off the Yellow River mouth. The sensitivity numerical experiments showed that the topography with a strong slope off the Yellow River mouth was a determining factor for the front generation, and a parallel orientation between the major axes of ellipses and co-tidal lines of maximum tidal current was a necessary condition. While the bottom friction and the river runoff had no effect on the front location but affected the front intensity, the front generation was not sensitive to the coastline variation. The study concluded that the bottom slope off the river mouth induces a strong variation in the bottom stress in a cross-shore direction, which produces both maximum phase gradient and sediment concentration variability across the tidal shear front. With the extending Yellow River delta, the tidal shear front under the new bathymetry of year 2003 has been strengthened and pushed further offshore due to an increased bottom slope.     

强降雨条件下基岩型层状边坡入渗模型及稳定性研究

强降雨作用下基岩型层状边坡易发生失稳破坏,给人们生命财产造成重大损失。为探索基岩型层状边坡的降雨入渗过程,以Green-Ampt入渗模型为基础,考虑了边坡几何特征及饱和带渗流作用,得到了边坡不同入渗阶段入渗率和湿润峰深度的计算式,建立了适用于基岩型层状边坡的降雨入渗计算模型;在分析基岩型层状边坡稳定性时,考虑了饱和带的渗流作用,联合降雨入渗模型与极限平衡法,分析了基岩面与湿润峰面稳定性的变化规律,得到了计算基岩型层状边坡安全系数的解析表达式;结果表明,该模型的计算与试验结果具有一致性。利用该计算模型与传统计算方法对张家湾滑坡进行了强度为30 mm/h的降雨入渗与稳定性分析,得到了不同计算方法下张家湾滑坡湿润峰深度及安全系数随降雨历时增加而发生的变化规律,结果表明该计算模型在分析基岩型层状边坡稳定性时优于传统分析方法。     

K指数在黑龙江省晴雨预报中的应用

低层相对湿度和风场等物理量场对降水的有无有较高的预报能力,但仍存在空报和漏报现象,为了提高黑龙江省晴雨天气预报准确率,对黑龙江省大量有降水和无降水天气成因进行对比分析。结果表明：K指数时空分布特点对晴雨预报有指示意义,尤其对分析低层相对湿度小或风场辐合条件差等容易出现降水空报和漏报等疑难降水成因有较好的辅助作用。K指数高值中心区或高能舌区易出现降水;K指数梯度较大区或较强能量锋也会触发降水;K指数低值中心区发生降水的可能性较小。不同季节有无降水的K指数高值区和低值区的阈值不同。