墨西哥湾GC238区冷泉碳酸盐岩的微结构与石化微生物特征

采于墨西哥湾GC238海底天然气渗漏区浅表层的冷泉碳酸盐岩呈结核状产出,由方解石微晶和胶结物及少量的黄铁矿构成。胶结物由直径为0.1～0.5m的方解石化的球体、卵形体、棒状体组成,充填于方解石晶体之间。冷泉碳酸盐岩结核下表面发育有由方解石化的球体、卵形体、棒状体组成的薄层,其中的一些球状集合体(约5m)断面显示发育有核和外壳的层圈结构。黄铁矿呈草莓状,也具有相似的层圈结构。这种层状结构与活体古细菌被硫酸盐还原细菌包裹的层圈结构相似。样品中所保存的球体、卵形体、棒状体及其所组成的层圈结构可能是石化的甲烷氧化古细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌。     

Preliminary evidence for human fecal contamination in corals of the Florida Keys,USA

Corals and reef environments are under increased stress from anthropogenic activities, particularly those in the vicinity of heavily populated areas such as the Florida Keys. The potential adverse impacts of wastewater can affect both the environment and human health; however, because of the high decay rate of bacterial indicators in coral reef waters it has been difficult to document the presence of microbial contaminants and to assign risks in these environments. Here we show initial evidence that microorganisms associated with human feces are concentrated along the surface of coral heads relative to the overlying water column in the Florida Keys. Bacterial indicators (fecal coliform bacteria, enterococci or Clostridium perfringens) were detected in 66.7% of the coral surface microlayer (CSM) samples at levels between five and 1000 CFU/100 ml, but were found infrequently and at low numbers in the overlying water column ( < or = 2.5 CFU/100 ml). Similarly, enterovirus nucleic acid sequences, an indicator of human-specific waste, were detected in 93.3% of the CSM samples and only once in the water column by cell culture. Results show that coral mucus may accumulate enteric microorganisms in reef environments, and may indicate a risk to public and environmental health despite low indicator levels in the surrounding water.     

XANES analysis of the mechanisms of arsenic removal in biological iron and manganese treatment unit

Biological iron and manganese removal utilizing indigenous iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria （IRB hereafter） in groundwater can also be applied to arsenic removal according to our pilot-scale test. The arsenic removal probably occurred through sorption and complexation of arsenic to iron and manganese oxides formed by enzymic action of IRB. We investigated the chemical properties of iron and manganese oxides in IRB floc and the valence state of arsenic sorbed to the floc to clarify the mechanisms of the arsenic [especially As （Ⅲ）] removal. The floc samples were collected from two drinking water plants using IRB （Jyoyo and Yamatokoriyama, Japan）, and our pilot - scale test site where arsenic and iron removal using IRB is under way （Mukoh, Japan）. The Jyoyo and Yamatokoriyama IRB floc samples were subjected to As （Ⅲ） and As（Ⅴ） sorption experiments. The elemental composition of the floc samples was measured. XANES spectra were collected on As, Fe and Mn K-edges at synchrotron radiation facility Spring 8 （Hyogo, Japan）. FT-IR and the X-ray diffraction spectra of the samples were also obtained. The IRB floc contained ca. 35 % Fe, 0.3%-3.5% Mn and 2%-6% P. The samples were highly amorphous and contained ferrihidrites and hydrated iron phosphate. According to XANES analyses of IRB, As associated with IRB was in ＋5 valence state when As （Ⅲ） （or As （Ⅴ）） was added in laboratory sorption test, Fe in ＋3 valence state, and Mn a mixture of＋3 and ＋4 valence states. Small shift was observed in the XANES spectra of IRB on As K-edge as the equilibration time of the sorption experiment was increased. Gradual oxidation of a small amount of As （Ⅲ） associated with IRB or change in arsenic binding with sorption site were the probable mechanism.     

湖泊水体微生物四醚膜脂化合物研究进展

来源于微生物膜脂的甘油二烷基甘油四醚类(GDGTs)化合物是近年来被广泛用于古环境定量重建研究的化合物之一,究其原因在于此类化合物对环境响应敏感,特别是温度与pH值等,据此而建立的一系列GDGTs指标有效定量重建海洋、湖泊、泥炭以及土壤等不同沉积载体的环境信息.目前已在全球范围广泛开展湖泊沉积物GDGTs的研究工作,相继建立的全球以及不同区域尺度的湖泊沉积物GDGTs校正方程,已被用于湖泊古环境的定量重建研究,有效记载古湖泊环境变迁信息.相较之下,基于湖泊水体GDGTs的调查工作则起步较晚,但越来越多的研究显示,不同类型湖泊水体普遍贡献GDGTs,然而究竟此类水生来源GDGTs是否与陆源以及湖泊沉积物GDGTs具有类似的分布,以及他们对环境因素的响应如何,这都为湖泊古温度定量重建研究带来不确定性.基于此,本文总结这10年来湖泊水体GDGTs研究工作的进展,首先阐述湖泊水体不同来源(古菌以及细菌)GDGTs的分布情况,研究发现水体不同层位GDGTs浓度以及各组分之间存在差异,并且水深在不同湖泊对GDGTs浓度以及各组分相对比例的影响存在差异.此外还总结湖泊水体中古菌来源isoGDGTs以及细菌来源brGDGTs的生物来源,并进一步分析环境因素对不同深度水体GDGTs分布的影响,虽然温度依然是影响水体中GDGTs分布的首要因素之一,然而湖泊水深、温度以及水体中溶解氧浓度等因素存在着一定的耦合关系,这些因素往往协同作用于水体GDGTs,因此会为评估环境因素对水体GDGTs的影响带来难度.     

土地利用方式对岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌和真核生物群落结构的影响

土壤生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量转化中占有重要的地位.为揭示土地利用方式对岩溶断陷盆地土壤生物的影响,在获取土壤理化性质及碳氮磷化学计量学特征的基础上,利用16S rRNA和18S rRNA高通量测序技术研究了弃耕地、草地、人工林和天然林等土壤细菌与真核生物的群落结构.C:N、C:P和N:P比变化规律为弃耕地<草地<人工林<天然林,土壤细菌和真核生物α多样性、互作网络表现出相反的变化规律.土壤磷、钾和钙是影响岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌和真核生物群落结构和多样性的关键因素.RB41是决定岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌-真核生物网络系统的关键类群.本研究结果为利用土壤生物进行石漠化治理及岩溶生态修复提供了理论基础.     

中国对虾丝状细菌的扫描电镜研究

本文应用扫描电镜研究了中国对虾丝状细菌的结构,附着方式及其对对虾的危害和与环境的关系。     

Regional record of a global oceanic anoxic event: OAE1a on the Apulia Platform margin, Gargano Promontory, southern Italy

The Gargano Promontory of southern Italy, located on the eastern margin of the Apulia Platform, represents a peculiar Tethyan area where the transition between carbonate platform and adjacent basins is exposed on land. The Aptian stratigraphic record, represented in shallow-water, slope and deep-water deposits, provides a good opportunity to investigate the regional response to the worldwide documented climatic, biotic and palaeoceanographic changes related to Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a). A synthesis of data previously published (Ischitella and Coppitella sections), together with original data (Val Carbonara and Coppa della Guardia sections), from four stratigraphic sections from different depositional settings (proximal to distal) is provided, using an integrated, high-resolution micropalaeontological (planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils) and, for one section, geochemical (stable carbon and oxygen isotopes) approach. Organic matter preservation is confined to the more distal areas and consists of two thin intervals of black shales in the Aptian portion of the Marne a Fucoidi Formation. Biostratigraphic data assign the older black shale (5 cm thick) to the Selli Level equivalent (OAE1a, Lower Aptian); this carbon-rich interval is immediately followed by another black shale (7–10 cm thick) of early Late Aptian age.OAE1a is generally interpreted as a high-productivity event during a warming interval, followed by a cooling trend. In the Gargano Promontory, although the oxygen isotope curve indicates the above-mentioned climatic evolution, the micropalaeontological data do not support high fertility of the surface water, whereas micropalaeontological and geochemical data for the younger black shale do record high productivity (radiolarian increase in overall abundance, low nannofossil and foraminiferal species richness, increase in abudance of nannofossil fertility indices) associated with a cooling trend. The carbon and oxygen isotope record is in line with evidence from the curves documented elsewhere, whereas, among the biotic events, only the “nannoconid crisis” preceding OAE1a is revealed to be globally correlable.Environmental models for the two episodes of organic matter preservation are proposed, taking into account both global and local controlling factors.     

海洋产脲酶细菌的筛选及诱导形成碳酸钙矿物的特征

产脲酶细菌普遍存在于自然界,其对碳酸钙的矿化作用被广泛用于工程地质和环境等各项工程领域;本研究旨在从北戴河新河河口海洋沉积物中分离产脲酶细菌,探讨其诱导形成碳酸钙的特征,为地质与工程领域的应用提供良好的材料.从海洋沉积物样品中共分离出33株细菌,经筛选,其中有10株细菌具有产脲酶活性,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明:...     

大连沿海排污口及邻近水域细菌动态分析

于2011年3月、5月、8月和10月对大连沿海10个排污口及部分排污口的邻近水域分别采集水样, 对样本进行细菌总数3M试纸计数、2216E培养基和TCBS培养基培养并菌落计数, 对不同菌株进行16S rRNA基因克隆测序, 鉴定种属, 对细菌时间、空间的动态分布与群落结构及细菌分布与生态因子的相关性进行了分析。结果表明, 不同的排污口之间细菌总数差别很大, 数量在(1.6—500.0)×104cfu/mL之间; 排污口与其邻近水域差异明显, 排污口、邻近5m、100m和500m距离的细菌总数全年平均分别为77.94×104、 34.00×104、 4.520×104和0.448×104 cfu/mL。不同季节之间, 远距离水样季节性差异较大, 而排污口间季节性差异相对较小。在群落构成上, 假交替单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、假单胞菌属、弧菌属和希瓦氏菌属为优势菌属, 检出率较高, 数量较大。细菌分布与多种生态因子具有不同程度的相关。     

鱼类消化道细菌及其作用研究Ⅱ.鲻鱼

本文报道了从鲻鱼消化道分离的好气性异养细菌数量为（1．5×108±0．4×108～6.4×108±2.0×108）个／g，共分离220株细菌。其种群组成为弧菌、气单胞菌、不动细菌、假单胞菌、微球菌、黄杆菌、葡萄糖细菌、纤维单胞菌、节细菌和棒状杆菌。测定其生化特性，表明该类菌对有机质的分解能力比较强，这些特性有利于鱼类对营养物质的消化和吸收，并进一步促进其生长和发育。