不同类型糖源对大菱鲆脂肪代谢酶活性和脂肪酸组成的影响

以初始体质量(8.77±0.16)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼为研究对象,在室内流水系统中进行9周的养殖实验,比较分析饲料中3种不同类型的糖源(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)对大菱鲆脂肪代谢相关酶活性和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,不同类型的糖源显著影响肝脏中与脂肪合成相关的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)和苹果酸酶(ME)的活性(P0.05)。饲料糖源为葡萄糖时,大菱鲆肝脏中G6PD和ME的活性显著高于其他处理组,而蔗糖和糊精处理组之间没有显著差异。对与脂肪分解代谢相关酶的活性分析表明,肠道脂肪酶的活性受饲料中不同糖源的影响显著(P0.05);肝脏脂蛋白脂酶的活性在糖源为葡萄糖时显著低于其他处理组(P0.05);不同糖源对肝脂酶的活性无显著影响(P0.05);糊精组的总脂酶活性显著高于葡萄糖组(P0.05)。葡萄糖组大菱鲆肌肉中的C16∶0和C18∶0的含量显著高于糊精组,而C16∶1和C18∶1n-9的含量显著低于糊精组(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中不同类型的糖源对大菱鲆肌肉脂肪酸的影响集中在饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸上,而对多不饱和脂肪酸的影响有限。     

Modeling and Validating Long‐Term Dynamics of Diel Dissolved Oxygen with Particular Reference to pH in a Temperate Shallow Lake (Turkey)

Long‐term monitoring of changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH is of great importance to quantifying aquatic ecosystem metabolism, particularly for lakes under the changing global environment. During 173 days, diel DO cycles were measured in situ along with the main driving variables of pH, wind speed (WS), and net solar radiation (Rn) in a temperate shallow lake. Best‐fit multiple non‐linear regression (MNLR) models of diel DO time series were built and validated on a monthly basis, with R² values ranging from 42.4% in September to 95.4% in November for validation. The strong relationship between diel DO and pH (r = 0.6) appeared to be related to the patterns of ecosystem productivity and respiration, and sensitivity of decomposing bacteria to changes in pH. pH‐driven lake metabolism appears to have significant implications for diel and seasonal lake metabolism in a changing global environment.     

Carbon Metabolism and Bioplastic Production by Halophilic Archaea

正1 Introduction Haloarchaea represents a distinct group of Archaea that typically inhabits hypersaline environments,such as salt lakes and sea salterns.They are easy to culture and many haloarchaea are genetically tractable,hence they are excellent model systems for research of archaeal genetics,     

投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) PI3K信号通路及糖代谢相关酶基因表达的影响

适宜的投喂频率能提高对虾的代谢和免疫能力,加快生长,实现提质增效的目标。为探讨不同投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)糖代谢及相关信号通路的影响,以(7.6±1.0) g的凡纳滨对虾为实验材料,设置2、3、4、6次/d,共4个投喂频率处理组,每组设3个平行,实验持续14 d,实验结束时取样,测定PI3K信号通路相关因子PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α、mTOR,代谢酶基因中HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK、FBP、PEPCK,葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT1、GLUT2 mRNA表达水平的变化。结果发现:随着投喂频率的增加, PI3K信号通路关键基因表达的水平显著上升(P<0.05),其中6次/d投喂组PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α和mTOR表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05), 4次/d投喂组mTOR表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05);代谢关键酶基因HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK、FBP、PEPCK的表达水平随投喂频率的增加而增加,其中6次/d投喂组糖酵解HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK酶基因表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05), 3、4和6次/d投喂组糖异生酶FBP表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05),葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT2在2、3、6次/d投喂频率处理组显著高于4次/d频率投喂组(P<0.05)。得出结论认为较高的投喂频率可以通过激活凡纳滨对虾糖代谢酶基因、糖转运蛋白及PI3K信号通路的表达来提高糖代谢水平。     

海洋线虫Litoditis marina早期发育的转录组分析

全球气候和环境变化影响海洋动物的生长发育和繁殖等生命过程,探究环境因子调控发育的分子机制,需要深入了解海洋动物早期发育的生理和分子特征。以实验室驯化的潜在模式动物海洋线虫Litoditis marina为研究对象,对其胚胎期和孵化后发育早期2h、4h和6h的L1幼虫样品进行了转录组测序和分析。结果表明,2h、4h和6h的L1幼虫间差异较小,而三个L1幼虫样品与胚胎期相比,基因表达发生了显著变化。通过KEGG富集分析,发现与胚胎期相比,三个L1幼虫样品的多个通路如核糖体、核糖体生物发生、糖酵解/糖原异生、TCA循环和氧化磷酸化通路相关基因发生了显著上调。另外还发现多个神经递质和神经肽受体基因如dop-和npr-等在L1期转录水平显著上调。与胚胎期相比,L1幼虫的多个DNA复制和修复相关、Notch、Hippo和Hedgehog信号和剪切体等通路相关基因发生了显著下调。发现的L. marina早期发育转录组变化模式与已经发表的陆生模式生物秀丽线虫Caenorhabditis elegans从胚胎期到L1幼虫的转录组变化特征非常相似,但同一上调或下调通路中具体发生表达变化的基因有些不同。另外,L1幼虫显著上调的核糖体生物发生通路相关基因在秀丽线虫中发生了显著下调。进一步通过基因编辑等技术和方法深入研究发育调控关键基因的功能将为海陆近缘线虫间的发育进化机制、海洋线虫对潮间带环境适应以及全球气候变化应答的分子机制研究提供新认知。     

城市建成环境存量的空间计算：进展及展望

城市建成环境是人类赖以生存的人造环境,城市建成环境存量是指城市中建筑物和基础设施的材料质量。反演城市建成环境存量的空间分布,是数字城市建设的新方向,它能够帮助我们了解城市发展模式,更加有效管理城市资源和废弃物等,对发展城市循环经济、实现城市的可持续发展有着十分重要的意义。本文详细介绍了城市建成环境存量空间计算的3种方法（自上而下、自下而上和遥感计算方法）的理论基础和发展现状,总结了目前的几中方法都存在着过度依赖统计数据、无法兼顾研究区域大尺度和高空间分辨率等问题。在地理大数据时代,更多的数据源为存量的计算带来了新的研究方向。本文总结了新数据源的优势,并展望了结合地理大数据和机器学习方法的存量计算方法,为城市建成环境存量的空间计算提供了一种新的思路。     

Resistance to low oxygen in the Ponto–Caspian amphipod Pontogammarus robustoides varies among lentic habitats of its northern invaded range

The Ponto–Caspian amphipod Pontogammarus robustoides was introduced into Lithuanian inland waters more than 50 years ago and is now among the most successful local crustacean invaders. Existing as an oxyphilic species in its native range, in Lithuania it managed to establish in some lentic eutrophic waters facing long-term hypoxic conditions under winter ice cover, or shorter periods of hypoxia during the warm season. Recently, it has been observed to be further expanding in such waters. The aim of this study was to explore the possible divergence in anaerobic metabolism among introduced populations facing different selective pressures. A closed-bottle experiment was conducted using individuals from three Lithuanian lentic water bodies of different trophic status: mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypertrophic. Severe hypoxia was gradually reached, after which lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in amphipods from eutrophic and hypertrophic, than from mesotrophic environments, and was well correlated with trophic status of inhabited environments as assessed by chlorophyll a concentration. These findings suggest a physiological acclimation response to oxygen deficiency faced by the species in some environments in the northern invaded range, which may have a genetic background. Such resistance to oxygen deficiency may expand the environmental niche and promote species’ spread into previously unsuitable habitats, which may pose a threat to native species residing in refuges that are currently free of the invader.     

Volume control: Stormwater and the politics of urban metabolism

This paper engages with emergent conceptualizations of political–industrial ecology to understand the politics surrounding how the volume, composition, and material throughput of stormwater in Los Angeles is calculated and applied by experts. The intent is to examine the unfolding relationship between the volume and material flow of stormwater, and the social, political, and technical practices involved in identifying stormwater as a new and underutilized water resource. Specifically, it seeks to understand how the active processes of calculating the metabolic inflows and outflows of stormwater in Los Angeles serve as a way for the city to render value and meaning to the flows of stormwater. I suggest that the ways urban metabolisms are calculated reflect a volumetric approach to environmental governance that serves to achieve certain political goals. I refer to this type of governance as volume control—a way of organizing technopolitical interventions around overcoming problems related to the volume of resources flowing and circulating into, through, and out of cities and industrial systems. I argue that understanding this form of governance relies on taking a political–industrial ecology approach that accounts for both the social and material dimensions of resource flows. While the categories and motivations of stormwater governance remain contested over time and space, it is shown that stormwater in Los Angeles needs to be understood in relation to the ecological systems and scientific, political, and cultural practices designed to make it into a resource and align with existing patterns of growth and development.     

养殖密度对循环水系统中大菱鲆生长和蛋白质代谢的影响

在工厂化循环水养殖系统中,将初始体质量为186 g±2.0 g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)放养于低(9.4 kg/m~2±0.2 kg/m~2)、中(13.6 kg/m~2±0.8 kg/m~2)、高(19.1 kg/m~2±1.3 kg/m~2)3个养殖密度,以研究不同养殖密度对大菱鲆生长、消化酶和蛋白质代谢的影响。养殖120 d后,低、中、高试验组养殖密度分别增长至26.1 kg/m~2±1.2 kg/m~2、38.2 kg/m~2±2.5 kg/m~2、52.3 kg/m~2±3.6 kg/m~2。结果表明:低密度组和中密度组中大菱鲆增质量率、特定生长率、肥满度和蛋白质效率均显著(P0.05)高于高密度组;而饲料系数显著低于高密度组(P0.05)。低密度组和中密度组大菱鲆总蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力显著低于高密度组(P0.05);但脂肪酶活力在3个密度组之间无显著性差异。与低密度组相比,高密度组显著提高了谷氨酸脱氢酶活力,同时降低了谷草转氨酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活力(P0.05),而对谷丙转氨酶活力无任何影响。综上所述,在工厂化循环水系统中,增加养殖密度能提高养殖的产量,但过高的养殖密度会对大菱鲆生长、消化酶活力以及蛋白质代谢产生不利的影响。