Distribution and ultrastructure of pigment cells in the skins of normal and albino adult turbot, Scophthalmus Maximus

The distribution and ultrastructure of pigment cells in skins of normal and albino adult turbots were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three types of pigment cells of melanophore, iridophore and xanthophore have been recognized in adult turbot skins. The skin color depends mainly on the amount and distribution of melanophore and iridophore, as xanthophore is quite rare. No pigment cells can be found in the epidermis of the skins. In the pigmented ocular skin of the turbot, melanophore and iridophore are usually co-localized in the dermis. This is quite different from the distribution in larvae skin. In albino and white blind skins of adult turbots, however, only iridophore monolayer still exists, while the melanophore monolayer disappears. This cytological evidence explains why the albino adult turbot, unlike its larvae, could never resume its body color no matter what environmental and nutritional conditions were provided. Endocytosis is quite active in the cellular membrane of the iridophore. This might be related to the formation of reflective platelet and stability of the iridophore.     

紫菜减数分裂的研究现状及展望

紫菜的减数分裂是紫菜育种和遗传研究的重要理论基础。文中综述了紫菜减数分裂的研究现状,对前人在减数分裂的细胞形态学观察、色素突变体和性别决定的遗传分析研究进行了系统的分析,指出了研究中存在的问题。并对减数分裂这一遗传现象进行了重新认识,提出紫菜减数分裂可能发生在壳孢子形成至壳孢子萌发的第一次细胞分裂时期。根据对文献资料的分析及初步研究,认为紫菜减数分裂的争论问题,还未得到满意的解决,因此仍有重新认识和深入研究的必要。     

水深梯度对苦草(Vallisneria natans)光合荧光特性的影响

为研究水深梯度对苦草(Vallisneria natans)光合荧光特性的影响,实验设置0.6、1.3、2.0 m 3个水深条件,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪测定3种水深处理下苦草叶片的荧光参数和快速光响应曲线.结果表明:(1)随着水深增加,无性系分株数、叶片数、根系总长度、根系表面积等形态指标显著降低,而最大叶长、平均叶长、最大叶宽没有显著变化,2.0 m处苦草生长受到抑制;(2)不同水深对苦草叶片初始荧光F0和最大荧光Fm没有显著影响,而最大量子产率Fv/Fm和荧光参数Fv/F0随着水深增加显著增加,叶片光合系统Ⅱ光化学效率亦显著提高;(3)0.6 m处苦草的相对电子传递速率显著低于2.0 m处;(4)通过拟合光响应曲线所得的光响应曲线初始斜率、光抑制参数、最大电子传递速率以及半饱和光强在不同的水深处理间均差异显著;(5)2.0 m处苦草叶片的叶绿素a(Chl.a)、叶绿素b(Chl.b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)以及Chl.a+Chl.b含量均显著高于0.6 m处,而Chl.a/Chl.b和Car/Chl.a的差异则不显著.综上所述,0.6 m处苦草的光合能力较弱、保护机制强,而2.0 m则相反,从而说明苦草通过调节自身光合生理来适应不同水深环境.     

洱海4种沉水植物叶片的光合色素组成及C、N、P化学计量特征对水深的响应

水深与水体的多个环境要素(如光照、温度等)密切关联.因而水深会影响沉水植物的生长、繁殖和生理生化特征,包括叶片的光合色素组成和C、N、P化学计量特征.本研究通过对洱海4种沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、光叶眼子菜(Potamogeton lucens)和篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)在不同水深梯度的叶片色素组成和C、N、P化学计量特征进行分析,以阐明水深对这些指标的影响规律和机制.结果表明:水深对4种沉水植物叶片光合色素组成和C、N、P化学计量特征的影响具有种间差异性;苦草、微齿眼子菜和光叶眼子菜叶片N含量,苦草和光叶眼子菜叶片P含量都与叶片叶绿素含量呈显著正相关;苦草叶片N含量随水深增加而增加,可能是由苦草为应对深水弱光胁迫而加强光合色素和蛋白的合成导致的,而磷含量的增加可能还受其他因素的影响.     

Effects of drought stress on antioxidant enzyme, photosynthetic pigment and flavonoid pathway in two desert shrubs

Antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic pigment content, and free malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as flavonoid content and the key enzyme activity in the flavonoid pathway were determined in two desert shrubs, Caryopteris mongolica Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. under drought stress. The free MDA content was enhanced during the experimental period, which may be an indicator of oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in C. mongholica showed a significant increase during the experiment, but catalase (CAT) activity was slightly decreased. On the other hand, POD and APX activities showed a significant increase and SOD and CAT activity data had no significant changes in R. soongorica. APX, SOD, and CAT activities were higher in R. soongorica than in C. mongholica, but MDA content was lower, indicating that the lower values of MDA were attributed to higher activities of antioxidant enzyme in R. soongorica. Chlorophyll content decreased significantly in the two shrubs during the experiment, which indicated that there was a photoprotection mechanism through reducing light absorbance by decreasing pigments content. Caretonoids content increased in C. mongholica and decreased in R. soongorica. The ratio of Chla/Chlb decreased significantly but caretonoids/Chl revealed a significant increase in the two shrubs, which could be explained as no decrease of peripheral light-harvesting complexes and a higher tolerance to drought. Total flavonoid content and the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) showed different changes between C. mongholica and R. soongorica after treatment. These values decreased in R. soongorica and increased in C. mongholica except for PAL activity. However, anthocyanin content increased in the two shrubs, indicating that there was a different regulation response in the flavonoid pathway in the two shrubs under drought stress, and anthocyanin should be an important antioxidant both in the shrubs. Our results demonstrated the different responses of antioxidant defense and drought tolerance ability between the two shrubs.     

Effects of irradiance on pigment signatures of harmful algae during growth process

Three harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, Phaeocystis globosa, Thalassiosira rotula, and Proro-centrum donghaiense were isolated from the coast of China and cultured in batches at three light intensities (40, 70 and 150 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1). The variation patterns of cell numbers and growth rates with light intensity during growth process were different among species. In P. globosa and T. rotula, maximum growth rates were found at 150 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1 and ranged from 0.60 divisions per day in T. rotula, to 1.17 divisions per day in P. globosa. The highest growth rate of P. donghaiense, however, was found at 70 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1 (0.36 divisions per day). In general, all the three HAB species showed adaptation to increasing light intensity by decreas-ing cellular concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a), but the variation patterns during the growth process were species-specific. The cellular concentrations of Chl a in P. donghaiense and T. rotula increased gradually with incubation time, but the opposite trend was found in P. globosa. Most of the pigment ratios and pigment indices of these three species were nearly constant during the growth process and showed small changes at different light intensities illustrating the applicability of chemotaxonomy during the initial and developing stages of HAB events, which is very important to study the ecological issues related to HAB species. Ratios of photoprotective carotenoids, such as diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin and β,β-carotene to total chlorophylls a (Tchl a) showed the trend of increasing with the increase of light intensity during growth process. The species-specific and pigment-specific variations in pigment ratios/indices at different light intensities during growth pro-cess probably reflected the differences in the pigment composition as well as the adaption capabilities of different species to the changes of physical conditions.     

地下水位对胡杨(Populus euphratica)和灰胡杨(Populus pruinosa)叶绿素荧光光响应与光合色素含量的影响

在塔里木河上游利用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪研究了地下水位对胡杨(Populus pruinosa)和灰胡杨(Populus pruinosa)光合色素和叶绿素荧光光响应的影响.结果表明:不同地下水位环境下,2树种表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、PSⅡ激发能压力(1-qP)、天线色素热耗散能量(D)、非光化学反应耗散能量(E)、光合功能相对限制值(PED)和光系统间激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)随光合有效辐射(PAR)增加而升高,PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和光化学反应能量(P)则随PAR增加而降低;相同光强下,地下水位下降导致胡杨和灰胡杨叶片含水量、最大电子传递速率(ETRmx)、光化学反应启动速率(θ)、ETR、ΦPSⅡ、qP、P与叶绿素(Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b))和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量降低,而使Chla/b、NPQ、D、E、PED、1-qP、β/α-1明显升高;地下水位下降显著影响2树种叶绿素荧光光响应参数,引起光能吸收、传递与分配改变,致使光合效率降低;地下水位下降对灰胡杨光合生理过程的影响程度明显高于胡杨,表明胡杨对荒漠逆境的适应性强于灰胡杨.逆境下胡杨通过维持相对较高的ETR、ETRmax、θ、ΦPSⅡ、qP、P值,并通过增强非辐射性热耗散来调节自身能量代谢,以此来保护光合机构正常运转,这是胡杨长期适应干旱荒漠逆境而形成的一种自我调节机制.     

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)发育中体色花纹时序发生的色素细胞变化和控制基因表达的分析I.胚胎时期

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)属于鲈形目、雀鲷科、双锯鱼属, 是热带珊瑚礁观赏鱼类的首选品种。不同体色和花纹与色素细胞相关基因的表达直接相关, 在其胚胎发育的过程中, 色素细胞的形态和数量一直在变化, 但不同发育时期各种色素细胞的动态变化及其控制基因表达情况等仍需明确研究。记录了眼斑双锯鱼胚胎时期色素细胞变化较为明显的6个发育时期, 观察了不同时期的体色及色素细胞的变化特点, 并利用荧光定量PCR检测了各发育时期的10个体色控制基因的表达情况。结果显示: 在胚胎发育阶段, 整个胚胎的颜色从橙黄逐渐转变为暗红、黑红、黑色到最终透明, 观察到卵黄囊表面幼体黑色素细胞到成体黑色素细胞的转变过程, 鱼体表面在翻转期出现成体黑色素细胞、在器官形成期出现红色素细胞, 眼睛及腹部在孵化期出现虹彩色素细胞。结合荧光定量PCR结果分析发现: 卵黄囊表面幼体黑色素细胞推测是外胚层中的神经嵴细胞直接发育而成, 不需要迁移过程; Ednrb、TYR、Tbx2b基因对幼体黑色素细胞的形成和发育有重要作用, Pax3、Dct、Aim1基因与成体黑色素细胞的分化、迁移、形成过程密切相关; 其中TYR基因的相对表达量在体节期出现显著增加, 说明TYR基因在胚胎发育初期就参与黑色素细胞的形成; Tbx2b基因不仅对黑色素细胞形成有影响, 对眼斑双锯鱼心脏的形成也有一定作用; Fms基因对红色素细胞形成有重要作用; Ltk基因的表达要早于虹彩色素细胞的出现; 相关性分析发现各基因之间存在相互作用。     

赤潮藻鉴定与定量检测方法进展

从基于形态学差异的图像识别技术、基于核酸分析的检测方法、基于免疫分析的检测方法、基于特征色素的方法和基于光学特性的方法5个方面,比较系统地回顾了有关赤潮藻定性鉴定和定量检测技术的发展,并就存在的问题和发展趋势作了简要分析。