Shape and amount of the Quaternary uplift of the western Rhenish shield and the Ardennes (western Europe)

A good evaluation of the Quaternary uplift of the Rhenish shield is a key element for the understanding of the Cenozoic geodynamics of the western European platform in front of the alpine arc. Previous maps of the massif uplift relied on fluvial incision data since the time of the rivers' Younger Main Terrace to infer a maximum post-0.73 Ma uplift of ~ 290 m in the SE Eifel. Here, we propose a new interpretation of the incision data of the intra-massif streams, where anomalies in the terrace profiles would result from knickpoint retreat in the tributaries of the main rivers rather than from tectonic deformation. We also use additional geomorphological data referring to (1) deformed Tertiary planation surfaces, (2) the history of stream piracy that severely affected the Meuse basin in the last 1 Ma, and (3) incision data outside the Rhenish shield. A new map of the post-0.73 Ma uplift of the Rhenish shield is drawn on the basis of this enlarged dataset. It reduces the maximum amount of tectonic uplift in the SE Eifel to ~ 140 m and modifies the general shape of the uplift, namely straightening its E–W profile. It is also suggested that an uplift wave migrated across the massif, starting from its southern margin in the early Pleistocene and currently showing the highest intensity of uplift in the northern Ardennes and Eifel. These features seem to favour an uplift mechanism chiefly related to lithospheric folding and minimize the impact on the topography of a more local Eifel plume.     

松花江流域地表水系分形维及其影响因素分析

应用分形理论,以DEM数据为基础数据,给出了以ArcGIS 9.2为研究平台的分形雏数计算方法,并将该方法应用于松花江流域地表水系的研究.结果表明松花江流域地表水系均处于发育的壮年期,针对分形雏数影响因素的复杂性,探讨了松花江流域地表水系分形维数的影响因素,认为地貌、土壤、植被和降水量是分形维数的主要影响因素,且部分地区降水量的影响作用被地形作用所屏蔽,并讨论了线性拟合过程中无标度区间数据选择问题,认为选在栅格尺寸大小水平即可得到较好的结果.     

嘉陵江流域水保治理前后沿程水沙变化研究

嘉陵江为长江上游重要支流,是长江三峡水库重要的洪水和泥沙来源地。20世纪50年代初至80年代末,多年平均径流量701亿m3,多年平均悬移质输沙量近1.4亿t;“长治”工程的实施,对控制流域水土流失起到了较为明显的积极作用。以流域内主要控制站大量的实测水文气象资料为依据,重点研究了全流域水保治理前后的水沙变化情况及规律。     

黄河下游壶穴的研究

黄河下游(泺口以下)发育了大量的壶穴(Pothole),按成因可以分为6种:流水侵蚀、风蚀、圆砾铸模、冰压刻、冰融水滴蚀及泄气侵蚀。流水侵蚀形成的圆形Pothole规模不一,小者直径在十余厘米,深数厘米,大者直径达数米,深1 m余;风蚀形成的圆形Pothole规模一般比较小,直径多在二、三十厘米以下,深10 cm以下,大部分穴壁缓斜,状如盘碟;圆砾铸模形成的Pothole规模一般较小,直径多在一、二十厘米以下、穴壁陡倾,状如锅穴;冰融水滴蚀形成的Pothole形态复杂,规模不一,既有穴壁缓斜的盘碟状者,也有穴壁陡倾近乎直立的近圆柱状者,直径从不足1cm到三、四十厘米,其穴缘、穴壁和穴底常有次级构造;泄气侵蚀形成的Pothole更是十分复杂,平面形态可以圆形到近圆形甚至其他复杂形态,穴壁可以非常平缓,也可以陡倾,直径从数厘米到数十厘米,深数毫米到二、三十厘米,穴缘和穴壁也常有次级伴生构造,既可单独产出,也可成群产出,同时还可以多个密集产出,状如蜂巢,这一类Pothole的成因极为独特,主要与黄河断流河床捕获的空气泄漏有关。     

高温地热流体来源氟在环境中的分布特征——以西藏羊八井热田为例

西藏羊八井地热电厂产生的高氟废水直接排入了流经羊八井热田的藏布曲（河）。利用离子色谱仪（IC）测定了藏布曲水样的氟浓度;通过浸提实验提取了藏布曲河床沉积物中的总氟和各种存在形态的氟,并确定了其含量。藏布曲河水的氟浓度明显受到地热废水排放的影响,河床沉积物中水溶态氟和可交换态氟的分布也与地热电厂排污口的位置有明显的对应关系。然而,河床沉积物中的铁锰结合态氟、有机束缚态氟、残余态氟和总氟的分布与地热废水排放无显著联系,表明地热废水来源氟在进入藏布曲后主要向河床沉积物中的水溶态氟和可交换态氟转化。藏布曲河床沉积物是地热废水来源氟的一个汇。     

川西地区热香铜矿矿床地质特征及找矿模型

根据矿床的化学成分特征,成矿构造环境的研究,认为热香铜矿为地壳源区的缺水环境中在板内岩浆作用下花岗岩系列最晚期演化阶段形成的铜矿,它们的形成没有来自俯冲板片的流体参与。     

灞河生态需水量研究

依据灞河实测径流资料,计算了河道生态需水量,并采用Tennant法对计算成果进行验证。计算结果表明灞河生态需水量占流域多年平均地表水资源总量的43．75％,为灞河水资源开发利用及生态环境治理提供科学依据。     

苏北梁王城遗址黄泛层初步研究

基于黄河下游流域考古遗址中第一次发现的黄泛地层,对苏北梁王城遗址T3902探方南壁剖面上部自然淤积层采样,结合考古断代,并参照历史资料,通过分析重砂矿物和粒度两方面的实验结果,揭示出考古遗址中黄泛地层的沉积物特征。旨在为今后环境考古中对黄泛地层的判别和对比提供可靠的科学依据,特别是为在黄河下游洪泛区考古遗址中疑似黄泛层的确认提供依据。     

中国图们江河口湖沼沉积中植硅体古气候变化特征

通过对中国图们江河口湖沼沉积剖面的植硅体组合的分析,划分出该剖面自17.1～2.247 kaB.P.期间的6个植硅体组合带,分别对应冷干-凉湿-冷干-凉湿-温暖-温湿的气候阶段.将分析结果与本剖面Na、K、Ba、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn分析相对比,发现植硅体对气候湿润程度的反映不如Na、K、Fe敏感,但是比其它指标,如泥炭地发育程度对湿润度的反映,要灵敏得多.区域对比发现,本剖面的植硅体古气候过程存在着区域上的良好响应,对全球变化与区域响应研究起着积极作用.     

Impact of Kiri dam on the lower reaches of river Gongola, Nigeria

Changes in Geomorphic characteristics in the lower reaches of the Gongola River channel following construction of Kiri dam have been investigated. The study focused on changes in the channel bankfull width and of riverbed width after the control of the river flow, variation in discharge characteristics between pre- and post- dam periods and the impact of discharge variation on post- dam river channel. Results of the analysis revealed that the main effect of the impoundment of the Gongola channel is a drastic decrease in flood peaks below the reservoir by 11.5% (from 1,420 m³/sec to 1,256 m³/sec). The low flows have on the other hand increased by 268% (from 5.7 m³/sec to 21 m³/sec). The resultant effect of decrease in the discharge was reduction in the channel bankfull and riverbed widths by 38.3% and 72.2% respectively. Also, the post- dam channel became less sinuous and braided in some of the reaches downstream. Discharges of high peaks were found during the period of maximum precipitation (June to September) whereas low discharges were recorded during the period of minimum or no precipitation (December to May). Some of the observed implications of the flow control on the geometric variables were reduction in the overall channel width, concave bank erosion and emergence of vegetation in some of the reaches.