Statistical estimation of extreme ocean environments: The requirement for modelling directionality and other covariate effects

With increasing availability of good directional data, provision of directional estimates of extreme significant wave heights, in addition to the omni-directional estimates, is more common. However, interpretation of directional together with omni-directional design criteria is subject to inconsistency, even in design guidelines. In particular, omni-directional criteria are usually estimated ignoring directional effects. In this article, for data which exhibit directional effects, we show that a directional extreme value model generally explains the observed variation significantly better than a model which ignores directionality, and that omni-directional criteria developed from a directional model are different from those generated when directionality is not accounted for. We also show that omni-directional criteria derived from a directional model are more accurate and should be preferred in general over those based on models which ignore directional effects. We recommend use of directional extreme value models for estimation of both directional and omni-directional design criteria in future, when good directional data are available. If effects of other covariates (e.g. time or space) are suspected, we similarly recommend use of extreme value models which adequately capture sources of covariate variability for all design analysis.     

Investigating the behaviour of a small Mediterranean catchment using three different hydrological models as hypotheses

Mediterranean catchments are characterized by strong nonlinearities in their hydrological behaviour. Properly simulating those nonlinearities still represents a great challenge and, at the same time, an important issue in order to improve our knowledge of their hydrological behaviour. The main aim of this work is find out diverse modelling approaches to reproduce the observed nonlinear hydrological behaviour in a small Mediterranean catchment, Can Vila (Vallcebre, NE Spain). To this end, three hydrological models were considered: two lumped models called LU3 and LU4 of increasing complexity, and a distributed model called TETIS. The structures of these different models were used as hypotheses, which could explain and reproduce the observed nonlinear behaviour at the outlet. Four analyses were carried out: (i) goodness‐of‐fit criteria analysis, (ii) residual errors analysis, (iii) sensitivity analysis and (iv) multicriteria analysis based on the concept of Pareto Optimal. These analyses showed the higher capability and robustness of the distributed model to reproduce the observed complex hydrological behaviour in this catchment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多状态Markov链模式的极端降水模拟试验

文中建立了基于多状态一阶Markov链的逐日降水量随机模式式结合广义帕雷托分布(GPD)产生夏季逐日极端降水量的模拟资料,结果所显示的各种气候特征表明,绝大多数站点(尤其是中国东部多雨地区)都达到较高的精度.分析表明,该模式对中国东部极端降水特征的模拟能力在某些方面优于两状态一阶Markov链模式.对东部6个代表站模拟试验结果表明,月降水均方差、日降水极大值、月半均降水日数、日降水均方差、日平均降水量等指标与实况比较,均证明该模式对逐日降水量的模拟效果较好,基本模拟出降水量的各种特征.对中同东部78个代表站采用的两种模式模拟结果对比发现,除日平均降水量以外,月半均降水日数、日降水平均极大值都与实际观测结果较为一致,总体上优于两状态模式,说明用该模式在全国范围内模拟逐日降水特征尤其是极端降水特征有较高的町行性.例如,由其中6个代表站模拟资料所拟合的极端降水GPD模式具有较高的拟合优度.无论从门限值或重现期值来看都可发现模拟与实测结果有较好的相似性,且两者门限值的误差越小,重现期极值的差距也越小.证明Markov链模式对极端降水的模拟有广泛的适用性.     

Linear combinations of order statistics to estimate the quantiles of generalized pareto and extreme values distributions

 Ad hoc techniques for estimating the quantiles of the Generalized Pareto (GP) and the Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) distributions are introduced. The estimators proposed are based on new estimators of the position and the scale parameters recently introduced in the Literature. They provide valuable estimates of the quantiles of interest both when the shape parameter is known and when it is unknown (this latter case being of great relevance in practical applications). In addition, weakly-consistent estimators are introduced, whose calculation does not require the knowledge of any parameter. The procedures are tested on simulated data, and comparisons with other techniques are shown. The research was partially supported by Contract n. ENV4-CT97-0529 within the project “FRAMEWORK” of the European Community – D.G. XII. Grants by “Progetto Giovani Ricercatori” are also acknowledged.     

后INDC时期全球1.5℃合作减排方案

《巴黎协议》提出要将全球地表升温努力维持在低于较工业化前提高1.5 ℃的水平下,然而当前各国提交的国家自主贡献（INDCs）甚至无法实现成本最低的2 ℃温控目标,后INDC时期全球减排将面临严峻的形势。本文针对全程和终期两种1.5 ℃温控目标实现标准,基于不同的减排原则设置了三种全球合作减排方案,使用集成评估模型CIECIA对其气候有效性和经济可行性进行评价。研究结果显示：若要实现全程1.5 ℃升温控制目标,则各国必须在INDC目标年后立即实现净零排放;终期1.5 ℃温控目标可以使各国在INDC目标年后有一个到净零排放的缓冲期,但是由此带来的地表温度上升反而有损经济发展;方案3对因产业和地理因素在其他方案下经济受损的俄罗斯和高发展国家实行宽松减排措施,在满足终期1.5 ℃目标前提下实现了所有减排参与国经济利益的帕累托改进,是可行有效的国际减排合作方案;方案3显示中国和美国在减排过程中的经济联系更加紧密,而与俄罗斯和高发展国家存在竞争关系,因此可进一步加强与美国的减排合作,并注意协调与俄罗斯和高发展国家的利益关系。     

强降水的GP分布拟合

根据极值理论中处于重要地位的GP分布模型，讨论了模型中的形状参数、位置参数及尺度参数的算法，并将其用于拟合呈偏斜状态的月和日降水量资料中强降水部分，得到强降水发生的直观年数。     

Regionalization of floods in New Brunswick (Canada)

This study uses the method of peaks over threshold (P.O.T.) to estimate the flood flow quantiles for a number of hydrometric stations in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The peak values exceeding the base level (threshold), or `exceedances', are fitted by a generalized Pareto distribution. It is known that under the assumption of Poisson process arrival for flood exceedances, the P.O.T. model leads to a generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) for yearly maximum discharge values. The P.O.T. model can then be applied to calculate the quantiles X <sub>T</sub> corresponding to different return periods T, in years. A regionalization of floods in New Brunswick, which consists of dividing the province into `homogeneous regions', is performed using the method of the `region of influence'. The 100-year flood is subsequently estimated using a regionally estimated value of the shape parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution and a regression of the 100-year flood on the drainage area. The jackknife sampling method is then used to contrast the regional results with the values estimated at site. The variability of these results is presented in box-plot form. Received: June 1, 1997     

A new methodology for water resources multicriteria decision making under uncertainty

A multiciteria decision making problem in water resource is addressed through the generation of fuzzy Pareto optimal set. Methodology is using positive and negative ideal solutions (Lai, Y.-J., Liu, T.-Y., Hwang, C.L. (1994). TOPSIS for MODM. European Journal of Operational Research 76, 486-500) and a set of weights assigned to the objective functions in fuzzy triangular form. Solution of the problem is obtained by transforming each objective function into a set of three objective functions. A planning problem of multicriteria waste water treatment from the literature is used as an illustrative example to demonstrate the utility of the proposed methodology. The obtained fuzzy Pareto solution set has been compared with the deterministic solution set. It is shown that the proposed approach can: (a) capture the uncertainty associated with the assignment of weights; and (b) provide the decision makers with a wider range of solutions to select from.     

以建成区面积表征的中国城市规模分布

选择1990~2000年中国城市用地面积位于前200位的地级及地级以上的城市用地资料,把运用在城市人口规模上的位序-规模法则移植到城市用地上,分析了城市土地利用规模的变化规律。然后运用分形理论,阐释了城市用地的位序-规模曲线。结果显示：(1)以建成区面积作为衡量城市规模的指标,中国城市规模分布符合位序-规模法则,拟合曲线的判定系数都在0.95以上;(2)根据位序-规模曲线的形态,中国城市按建成区面积可分为3类：用地面积>200 km²的大城市,50~200 km²的中等城市和<50 km²的小城市;(3)城市建成区用地的位序-规模曲线有平行向前推进的特点,这为预测我国未来城市建成区用地规模提供很好的基础;(4)中国位于前200位的城市用地规模分布的均衡度不断增强,城市建成区用地规模总量持续增加。     

Studying fractal geometry on submicron length scales by small-angle scattering

Recent studies have shown that internal surfaces of porous geological materials, such as rocks and lignite coals, can be described by fractals down to atomic length scales, In this paper, the basic properties of self-similar and self-affine fractals are reviewed and how fractal dimensions can be measured by small-angle scattering experiments are discussed.This paper was presented at Emerging Concepts, MGUS-87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 13–15 April 1987.