辐射参数化对海南岛海风雷暴结构模拟的影响

本文利用高分辨率WRF模式探讨了两组短波、长波辐射参数化方案(Dudhia+RRTM、RRTMG+RRTMG)对海南岛一次海风雷暴模拟的影响及其可能的物理机制.结果表明,辐射参数化能影响大气的加热程度和近地面能量,决定海陆温差和气压差,改变海南岛的海风特征,最终影响海风雷暴的发生发展.Dudhia+RRTM方案模拟的短波、长波综合加热率、感热通量以及潜热通量都大于RRTMG+RRTMG方案,造成了前者模拟的近地面能量偏高,大气层结也表现得更加不稳定,进而使得该方案下的海陆温差和气压差相对较大,Dudhia+RRTM方案模拟的海风明显强于RRTMG+RRTMG方案,能提供更好的水汽输送和抬升条件,有利于海风雷暴的发生发展,因此其模拟的雷暴活动范围和对流中心强度都要大于RRTMG+RRTMG方案.     

微物理过程参数化方案对辽宁一次暴雪的数值模拟差异分析

利用WRFv3.9.1中尺度数值模式,采用Lin、WSM6、Thompson、WDM6四种微物理过程参数化方案对2007年3月4日辽宁特大暴雪过程进行了数值模拟研究。使用61个国家级气象站降水观测资料,评估了模式对此次降水过程的模拟能力,对比分析了不同微物理过程参数化方案模拟降雪过程中相态变化和水成物空间分布的差异。结果表明:4种微物理过程参数化方案均能模拟出与CloudSat卫星反演反射率分布相接近的结果,其中Thompson方案模拟的回波顶更高,向北伸展的范围也更大,其他3种方案回波顶高均在8 km附近。4种方案对降水落区的模拟略有差异,整体来看WSM6方案对本次降水的极值中心位置,以及不同降水量级的TS评分整体都优于其他3种参数化方案。降水相态模拟与观测的对比分析发现,WSM6、Lin和WDM6三种方案均能够模拟出雨雪分界线不断南压的过程且雨雪分界线位置准确,而Thompson方案对辽宁南部地区雨转雪时间模拟偏晚。从云微物理特征上看,4种方案均能模拟出大气低层存在的雨水粒子,其中WDM6方案模拟的雨水含量明显较其他3种方案更多,Thompson方案模拟出更多的雪粒子和最少的霰粒子,Lin方案霰粒子南北范围广、伸展高度高,WSM6和WDM6两种方案模拟出较少的霰粒子,这两种方案模拟的云冰高度也更低,正是各种水成物空间分布的差异决定了不同微物理过程参数化方案对降水量和降水相态模拟的差异。      

Parameterization of sea surface drag under varying sea state and its dependence on wave age

Momentum and energy exchange at air–sea interface through wind stress is very important for air–sea interaction studies, ocean modeling, and climate studies. The accurate representation of wind stress, in terms of drag coefficient, is a key factor in estimating the momentum transfer at the interface. The drag coefficient, in general, estimated using bulk formulae does not take into account the influence of wave age. This study examines the dependence of wave age on computed surface drag coefficient obtained by combining the Toba 3/2-power law with Froude number scaling, resulting in a new drag formulation (hereafter referred as RP formulation). We demonstrate that our proposed formulation is in good conjunction with established theories for both young and mature waves. Our investigation shows the theoretical formulation advocated earlier by Guan and Xie (hereafter referred as GX) overestimated the surface drag for mature waves as wind speed tends to increase. In addition, the formulation by GX was not verified by observational data. In the present work, for validation purpose, we use time series measurement of meteorological and oceanographic data from a deep water location in the Indian Ocean which was tested with both RP and GX formulations. We find that the proposed RP formulation, which embeds the 3/2 power of wave-age, shows a better match for both young and mature waves with the results of Janssen compared to the hypothesis of conventional wave age used by GX.     

气候模式中积雪覆盖率参数化方案的对比研究

利用基于NCEP再分析的近地面气候资料驱动陆面过程模型NCAR CLM3,检验了6种积雪覆盖率参数化方案(CLM3、Douville1995、Roesch2001、Wu2004、Yang1997、Niu2007)模拟的积雪覆盖率的季节变化,并与NOAA AVHRR得到的观测结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,在NCARCLM3的物理过程框架之下,CLM3、Douville1995、Roesch2001三种方案低估了广大地区的积雪覆盖率,模拟的雪线位置偏北,尤其是在秋季积雪初期;Wu2004方案低估了秋季欧亚大陆的积雪覆盖率;Yang1997方案模拟的积雪覆盖率有些偏高,尤其是在积雪覆盖区的南部边缘;考虑积雪密度变化的Niu2007方案一定程度上克服了Yang1997方案的正偏差.春季末期,6种方案模拟的雪线位置都偏北.在地形比较平缓的地区,Niu2007方案的整体效果最好.观测和模拟的积雪覆盖率的出现频数大部分集中在低(小于0.2)和高(大于0.8)覆盖率等级,中等覆盖率所占比例很少.     

基本气流和边界层顶高度对低纬大气数值模拟的影响

本文研究了一个包含波动CISK(Convective Instability of the Second Kind)机制的扰动方程数值模式中,基本气流对低频振荡数值模拟的影响。结果显示,当基本气流为纬向均匀风场U时,振荡周期随U的增加而减小:当U取2 m s-1时,周期从50～60 d减小到30 d;当U减小到-1 m s-1时,振荡周期增加为70～80 d。这是由于低频振荡是从西向东传播,西风基本气流能加快扰动东传,反之东风基本气流会抑制扰动东传,使振荡周期增加。同时,模式中的边界层顶出现误差时,模拟结果会有敏感的响应。若边界层顶取值比标准值高,对流加热反馈作用过大,出现扰动增长过快的现象,传播到80°～90°E附近时,扰动不再继续传播,而是无限增长;而边界层顶取值比标准值低时,对流加热反馈过小,扰动增长小且衰减加快,扰动传播不远便耗散到零,扰动循环周期表现为热源的周期。     

Modelling Boundary-Layer Clouds With a Statistical Cloud Scheme and a Second-Order Turbulence Closure

We present a second-order turbulence model for the cloudy planetary boundary layer (PBL), which includes a statistical scheme of the sub-grid scale condensation. The model contains prognostic equations for the turbulent kinetic energy, total water, and liquid water temperature, the latter two being assumed to be conservative variables. Using these conservative thermodynamic variables the condensation process is formulated as a function of the departure of the total water from saturation and its variance. The computation of the variance requires second moment correlations which are modelled through the parameterization of the third-order moments using a convective mass-flux formulation. The inclusion of these third moments and new assumptions on heat flux transport lead to a nonlocal turbulence scheme with counter-gradient effects. The final form for the heat flux turns out to be a linearized version of a previously established result. For the statistical cloud formulation, a linear combination of a Gaussian and a positively skewed distribution function is used with a modified liquid water flux expression to account fornon-Gaussian behaviour.The effect of the turbulence scheme on the boundary-layer cloud structure is discussed and the performance of the model is tested by comparing it against the large eddy simulation (LES) of the undisturbed period of the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). The model is able to produce both mean and turbulent quantities that are in reasonable agreement with the LES output of ASTEX.     

Performance of the Wind Farm Parameterization Scheme Coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model under Multiple Resolution Regimes for Simulating an Onshore Wind Farm

We use the Wind Farm Parameterization(WFP) scheme coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model under multiple resolution regimes to simulate turbulent wake dynamics generated by a real onshore wind farm and their influence at the local meteorological scale. The model outputs are compared with earlier modeling and observation studies. It is found that higher vertical and horizontal resolutions have great impacts on the simulated wake flow dynamics. The corresponding wind speed deficit and turbulent kinetic energy results match well with previous studies. In addition, the effect of horizontal resolution on near-surface meteorology is significantly higher than that of vertical resolution. The wake flow field extends from the start of the wind farm to downstream within 10 km, where the wind speed deficit may exceed 4%. For a height of 150 m or at a distance of about 25 km downstream, the wind speed deficit is around 2%. This indicates that, at a distance of more than 25 km downstream, the impact of the wind turbines can be ignored. Analysis of near-surface meteorology indicates a night and early morning warming near the surface, and increase in near-surface water vapor mixing ratio with decreasing surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. During daytime, a slight cooling near the surface and decrease in the near-surface water vapor mixing ratio with increasing surface sensible and latent heat fluxes is noticed over the wind farm area.     

一种海冰热力过程参数化方案

由于海冰热力过程太复杂,难于精确计算冰面和水面热量收支方程中的每一项,并且净热量收支比每项小得多,因此难以确定海冰热力一动力模式中的净热通量。本文根据渤海的水文气象观测,详细分析了太阳短波辐射、长波辐射、云量、感热和潜热等对海冰热力增长函数的贡献,给出了一种海冰热力过程的参数化方案。并选取２个典型的个例进行了对比研究。模拟结果表明,该参数化方案能较好地模拟渤海海冰的热力过程。     

红外云图的参数化及其与局地降雨的关系探讨

本文从大气探测原理和大气物理的基本概念出发,将地面气象观测资料与红外卫星云图相结合进行参数化估计,得到一些参数化估计结果。初步分析表明,这些参数化估计值与局地降雨有较好的相关关系。     

用于GCM耦合的积雪模型的设计

文中描述一个一维的积雪分层模型,目的是要刻划雪盖随季节的变化,与其下冻土变动模型一起,构成完整的雪盖模型。为了保持一定精度,并能用于大气环模式（ＧＣＭ）研究,模型对积雪内部热量及质量输送过程的描述精细程度及计算时分层多少均有所考虑。模型中,改用内能代替温度作为预报量,克服了相变时直接预报温度时造成的计算误差,有效地预报了相变过程。对于积雪密度的变化,考虑了雪花形态的破坏而引起的密度变化及由于压实过程而引起的密度变化。并对各分层自重产生压实过程推导了相应的公式,在模型中对雪盖的光学特性、热力学特性及水流流动特性参数化方案设计也进行了分析。本简化模型的模拟结果与精细积雪模型的比较,具有几乎同等的精度,与俄罗斯的Ｙｅｒ－ｓｈｏｖ站实测数据相比,吻合十分理想。