大气凝结水汽汇、凝结潜热作用与积云对流参数化

从引入包含质量(水汽)源、汇的连续方程出发,重新推导出大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水之水汽汇起作用的热力学方程,从而重新给出气压、气温预报方程及地面气压与高空位势高度预报方程。发现,在此基础上,才能实现凝结3个作用:气块水汽质量流失与气压降低;气块虚温降低;加热气块;和通过大气运动方程,实现大气凝结潜热“热机”作功。这时,对于预报气压、气温场,积云对流参数化方案中的参数在凝结3个作用中保持一致。否则,通过积云对流参数化方案,虽可以近似实现对于预报气压和气温场的凝结3个作用,但不可能调好参数的降水物理特性及其时空分布特征。且对于静力模式预报地面气压和高空位势高度场,不可能实现上述的第一凝结作用。最后表明,当模式分辨率提高到只用降水显式方案、不再用积云对流参数化方案后,则必须引入包含水汽源、汇的连续方程。因在热带海洋面上的水蒸发过程,水汽进入大气将改变地面气压场,且蒸发潜热可分为内潜热(水汽内能)和外潜热(水汽压力能),内潜热立即成为大气热能的一部分,而外潜热直接对大气层作功,使得大气位能增加。文中研究了大气中的大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水对气压场与位势高度场的影响。一般积云对流参数化方案都已考虑内潜热对大气的加热作用,但还须考虑因凝结与降水造成地面气压场及高空位势高度场的变化,后者应是外潜热作用的结果。在上述研究过程中,必须引入考虑凝结作用的连续方程,且最终可以改变有降水(包括大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水)发生时的数值预报模式动力框架。     

用等效球Mie理论计算冰云光学特性的一种新方法

对由六角形冰晶粒子组成的冰云的１４种冰晶尺度分布,分别用等效球Ｍｉｅ理论和射线光学理论计算了它们在从可见光到近红外谱区的１７个波长上的散射特性参量。并利用由等效球Ｍｉｅ理论获得的散射参数及冰晶尺度分布特征参量ｒｅ（有效半径）建立了冰云光学特性的参数化公式。这些参数化公式的最大相对误差小于５％。     

A study of a fair weather boundary layer in TOGA-COARE: Parameterization of surface fluxes in large scale and regional models for light wind conditions

The study focuses on a way to parameterize the effect of subgrid scale convective motions on surface fluxes in large scale and regional models for the case of light surface winds. As previously proposed, these subgrid effects are assumed to scale with the convection intensity through the relationship: where is the mean velocity of the wind, U₀ the velocity of the mean wind, w_* the free convection velocity, and an empirical coefficient to be determined. Both observations and numerical simulation are presently used to determine the free convection coefficient .Large eddy simulation of a fair weather convective boundary layer case observed during TOGA-COARE is performed. Comparisons between observations and the simulation of surface properties and vertical profiles in the planetary boundary layer are presented. The simulated vertical turbulent fluxes of heat, moisture and buoyancy range well within estimates from aircraft measurements.The most important result is that the true free convection coefficient , directly estimated from simulation, leads to a value of 0.65, smaller than the ones estimated from temporal and spatial variances. Using observations and simulation, estimates of from temporal and spatial variances are obtained with similar values 0.8. From both theoretical derivations and numerical computations, it is shown that estimates of the true from variances are possible but only after applying a correction factor equal to 0.8. If this correction is not used, is overestimated by about 25%. The time and space sampling problem is also addressed in using numerical simulations.     

随机参数扰动方法对中国冬季降水集合预报的影响

降水数值预报有很大的不确定性,与降水预报密切相关的物理过程参数化方案中关键参数的不确定性是降水数值预报误差来源之一,对这些参数引入随机扰动的随机参数扰动方法（Stochastically Perturbed Parameterization,简称SPP方法）可以代表模式降水预报的不确定性,是国际集合预报前沿研究领域。为了认识该方法能否代表中国冬季降水数值预报的不确定性,为业务应用提供科学依据,基于中国气象局中尺度区域集合预报模式（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Regional Ensemble Prediciton System,简称GRAPES-REPS）,从对模式降水预报不确定性有较大影响的积云对流、云微物理、边界层及近地面层等四个参数化方案中选取了16个与降水密切相关的关键参数,引入了随机参数扰动方法,并通过2018年12月12日至2019年1月12日总计31天的冬季集合预报试验,对比分析了SPP方法对等压面要素及降水的集合预报效果。结果显示:在冬季应用SPP方法时,等压面要素的概率预报技巧总体来说优于无SPP方法扰动的对比试验,且对于低层、近地面要素的改进效果优于对中高层等压面要素的改进;但对降水概率预报而言,尽管检验评分数值略优于对比预报试验,但并未通过显著性检验,这表明,在东亚冬季风影响下,随机参数扰动方法对中国冬季降水概率预报技巧没有明显的改进。究其原因,可能是由于SPP方法主要代表对流性降水预报的不确定性,而中国冬季降水过程主要与斜压不稳定发生发展有关,模式降水以大尺度格点降水为主,对流性降水较少,故对冬季降水预报改进不明显,这为业务集合预报模式中应用随机参数扰动方法提供了科学依据。     

MM5和ETA相似理论近地层方案对农田下垫面通量模拟比较研究

近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义, 湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一。选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统, 离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA 相似理论迭代方案B), 并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析。在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下, 根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合, 发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显。将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算。结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素, 在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量, 方案A优于方案B, 而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量, 方案B优于方案A, 两种方案总体来看误差不大。对于大理边界层通量观测场地农田植被交替的环境条件, 不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异, 以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显著影响。方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z₀和热量粗糙度z_0h的差异, 不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A。针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象, 在使用了(Zeng, et al, 1998)提出的对于使用辐射地表温度在裸土下垫面时的订正方法后, 计算结果也有明显改善。     

A Parameterization of Third-order Moments for the Dry Convective Boundary Layer

We describe one-dimensional (1D) simulations of the countergradient zone of mean potential temperature observed in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The method takes into account the third-order moments (TOMs) in a turbulent scheme of relatively low order, using the turbulent kinetic energy equation but without prognostic equations for other second-order moments. The countergradient term is formally linked to the third-order moments and , and a simple parameterization of these TOMs is proposed. It is validated for several cases of a dry CBL, using large-eddy simulations that have been realized from the MESO-NH model. The analysis of the simulations shows that TOMs are responsible for the inversion of the sign of in the higher part of the CBL, and budget analysis shows that the main terms responsible for turbulent fluxes and variances are now well reproduced.     

A Parameterization of Dry Thermals and Shallow Cumuli for Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction

For numerical weather prediction models and models resolving deep convection, shallow convective ascents are subgrid processes that are not parameterized by classical local turbulent schemes. The mass flux formulation of convective mixing is now largely accepted as an efficient approach for parameterizing the contribution of larger plumes in convective dry and cloudy boundary layers. We propose a new formulation of the EDMF scheme (for Eddy Diffusivity\Mass Flux) based on a single updraft that improves the representation of dry thermals and shallow convective clouds and conserves a correct representation of stratocumulus in mesoscale models. The definition of entrainment and detrainment in the dry part of the updraft is original, and is specified as proportional to the ratio of buoyancy to vertical velocity. In the cloudy part of the updraft, the classical buoyancy sorting approach is chosen. The main closure of the scheme is based on the mass flux near the surface, which is proportional to the sub-cloud layer convective velocity scale w _*. The link with the prognostic grid-scale cloud content and cloud cover and the projection on the non- conservative variables is processed by the cloud scheme. The validation of this new formulation using large-eddy simulations focused on showing the robustness of the scheme to represent three different boundary layer regimes. For dry convective cases, this parameterization enables a correct representation of the countergradient zone where the mass flux part represents the top entrainment (IHOP case). It can also handle the diurnal cycle of boundary-layer cumulus clouds (EUROCS\ARM) and conserve a realistic evolution of stratocumulus (EUROCS\FIRE).     

The Role of Planetary Boundary-Layer Parameterizations in the Air Quality of an Urban Area with Complex Topography

The effect of different planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parameterization schemes on the spatial distribution of atmospheric pollution over the complex topography of the greater Athens area is investigated. Four PBL schemes originally implemented in a numerical meteorological model and a fifth one simulating the urban effect are examined. Two different atmospheric conditions are analyzed; a typical summer and a typical winter pollution episode. The relative importance of chemical and physical processes of the pollution predictions is discussed using process analysis. It is revealed that, for primary pollutants, a local scheme seems more adequate to represent the maximum observed concentrations while, completely different in structure, a non-local scheme reproduces the mean observed values in the basin. Concerning secondary pollutants, peak concentration differences, due to the different PBL schemes, are smoothed out. Nevertheless, the PBL scheme selection shapes the horizontal and the vertical extension of maximum values. The non-local and semi non-local schemes are superior to the others, favouring strong vertical mixing and transport towards the surface. The stronger turbulence accommodated effectively by the semi non-local urban scheme enhances ozone production along the sea-breeze axis and preserves the high ozone concentrations during the nighttime hours in the urban core.     

气候模式中云辐射反馈过程机理的评述

云对地气系统的辐射收支具有十分重要的作用,云辐射参数化是目前气候模式中不确定性的主要来源。云可以通过多种途径对辐射产生影响,形成不同符号、不同量值的反馈机制。研究表明,模式气候对不同的云辐射参数化方案十分敏感。预报云水含量方案的引入,改进了对云辐射过程的模拟,但与观测资料相比仍有差距。一般说来,模式中引入云水的相变和相互作用的云粒子大小产生负反馈,而光学厚度和云量产生的是正反馈。云辐射反馈的净作用其大小和符号因模式而异。云辐射与大尺度天气气候背景之间有着紧密的联系,尤其是海温对辐射平衡有显著影响。最后总结了当前云辐射研究中存在的主要问题,并提出了改进的途径。     

干旱区陆面过程参数改进对东亚区域气候影响的数值模拟

为了进一步检验裸土参数化的气候模拟性能,本文在文献[1,2]的基础上,利用NCEP再分析资料和Xie等全球降水资料与CCM3模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明：加入裸土参数化方案的CCM3能较好地再现冬季东亚和中国地区区域气候的主要特征,模式较原CCM3能更好地模拟地表温度和东亚及中国西北地区的降水,对东亚季风环流的模拟也较接近实际。同时,该方案在CCM3中的加入改进了青藏高原冬季降雪带及夏季高原东南部降水中心的模拟,提高了模式对高原冬夏季降水的模拟能力,从而再次说明利用观测资料对模式参数修正及参数化方法的改进是提高数值模式模拟能力的一个重要途径。