A Comparison of Two Canopy Radiative Models in Land Surface Processes

This paper compares the predictions by two radiative transfer models-the two-stream approximation model and the generalized layered model (developed by the authors) in land surface processes-for different canopies under direct or diffuse radiation conditions. The comparison indicates that there are significant differences between the two models, especially in the near infrared (NIR) band. Results of canopy reflectance from the two-stream model are larger than those from the generalized model. However, results of canopy absorptance from the two-stream model are larger in some cases and smaller in others compared to those from the generalized model, depending on the cases involved. In the visible (VIS) band, canopy reflectance is smaller and canopy absorptance larger from the two-stream model compared to the generalized model when the Leaf Area Index (LAI) is low and soil reflectance is high. In cases of canopies with vertical leaf angles, the differences of reflectance and absorptance in the VIS and NIR bands between the two models are especially large.Two commonly occurring cases, with which the two-stream model cannot deal accurately, are also investigated. One is for a canopy with different adaxial and abaxial leaf optical properties; and the other is for incident sky diffuse radiation with a non-uniform distribution. Comparison of the generalized model within the same canopy for both uniform and non-uniform incident diffuse radiation inputs shows smaller differences in general. However, there is a measurable difference between these radiation inputs for a canopy with high leaf angle. This indicates that the application of the two-stream model to a canopy with different adaxial and abaxial leaf optical properties will introduce non-negligible errors.     

区域性光化学模式与LLA-C机制的模拟性能比较

以 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ－ Ｃ 机制为基准,在［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏ＃ － ｘ］ 比率分别为１７９ 、７１４ 、２８６ 条件下测试了区域性光化学模式（ Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ） 的模拟性能。结果表明 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式在上述三种初值条件下均能从总体趋势上给出与 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ － Ｃ 机制相似的结果, 但只有当非甲烷烃浓度较高（［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏｘ］ ＞ １２） 时 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式模拟值与 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ－ Ｃ 机制预测值比较接近。在这种条件下, Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模型对 Ｏ Ｈ 的预测值有待改进。我国大气中相当高的［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏｘ］ 比率说明 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式用于全国范围内的空气质量趋势模拟是可行的。     

多层四流球谐函数算法的构建及在大气辐射传输模式中的应用

为了在不大幅度增加计算成本的情况下提高大气辐射传输计算的精度,利用单层四流球谐函数结合多层二流累加法,构造了可用于多层大气的四流球谐函数算法。为了比较与其他辐射传输算法的差异,引入48流离散纵坐标算法作为比较标准,Eddington 近似、四流离散纵坐标算法作为比较对象。在真实大气廓线条件下,计算了晴空和有云大气顶向上辐射通量、地表向下辐射通量以及加热率廓线。得出以下结论：在晴空情况下,与作为标准的48流离散纵坐标法相比,Eddington 近似、四流离散纵坐标法和新构造的四流球谐函数方法加热率绝对误差都小于0?3 K／d;向上、向下辐射通量的相对误差分别小于1％和0?6％。这表明在晴空情况下,3种算法对加热率的计算精度差别不大;对辐射通量的计算精度,两种四流近似算法比传统的 Eddington 近似更为精确。在有云情况下,与48流离散纵坐标法相比,四流球谐函数和四流离散纵坐标法计算的云顶加热率相对误差小于1％,而 Eddington 近似计算的云顶加热率相对误差大于5％。结果表明：新构造的四流球谐函数算法可用于大气辐射传输模式,在不大幅度增加计算成本的同时,提高了晴空大气的整体辐射计算精度和有云大气辐射加热率的计算精度。     

The role of disaggregated renewable energy consumption on income and load capacity factor: A novel inclusive sustainable growth approach

Stimulating renewable energy consumption is a major focus of the Sustainable Development Goals in combating climate change and global warming. The International Energy Agency estimates that renewable energy consumption should be doubled to achieve the COP21 targets. In this context, the question is whether renewable energy types promote the improvement of ecological quality and economic growth. Most studies have investigated the influence of renewable energy on ecological pollution using carbon dioxide emissions or ecological footprint indicators, which only represent the pollution caused by human consumption patterns, and these indicators neglect the supply side. Motivated by this point, this study uses the LCF (Load Capacity Factor) as an environmental indicator and examines the causality relationship among different types of renewable energy, income, and environmental quality in the USA, while also incorporating employment and capital stock into the analysis. Through using the Fourier causality test with the wavelet-decomposed series, the study explores for the validity of the renewable energy-based growth hypothesis and answers to the question of whether there is a causal effect of renewable energy types on environmental quality. The results demonstrate that there is a bidirectional causality between total renewable energy, wood, biomass, and economic growth as well as between these renewable energy types and the LCF.