芦山7.0级地震前单台波速异常变化研究

利用芦山7.0级地震震中周边台站(CD2、 MEK、 GZA、 MDS、 HSH、 JJS、 XJI、 DFU、 EMS、 JYA、 YGD)2009年1月1日至2013年4月20日记录到的近震资料, 采用单台波速比以及单台P波视速度、 S波视速度计算方法进行了波速分析研究。 结果表明, 自2010年底左右开始, 震中附近区域的CD2、 MEK、 GZA、 MDS、 HSH、 JJS台站同步出现了长达两年明显的P波视速度和S波视速度低值异常现象, 且异常现象都集中在龙门山断裂带及周边地区, 单台波速比也有不同程度的异常反应。 故多个台站同步出现长时间、 明显的单台视速度低值异常现象, 并且集中在某一断裂带附近时, 则有可能是大震孕育的先兆。     

Vp和Vp/Vs联合反演:在日本东北地区深部结构成像(英文)

本文提出了一种新的反演方法:通过采用纵、横波走时数据对(从相同的震源产生的P和S波被同一台站记录)来联合反演纵波速度(Vp)和纵、横波速度比(Vp/Vs),然后单独反演横波速度Vs,在反演过程中同时对地震参数进行定位。该方法不需要假设P和S波的射线路径一致,它是沿着P和S波射线路径计算相对慢度扰动值。该方法直接把Vp/Vs作为一个模型参数,由此能获得比采用从独立反演获得的Vp和Vs计算出Vp/Vs的方法更精确的速度比值。该新方法被应用到反演日本东北地区的壳幔速度及波速比结构的研究中,获得了较好的效果。反演结果表明,在日本东北地区,太平洋俯冲板块为一高Vp,高Vs和低Vp/Vs异常区,而在活火山下方的浅部地幔楔以及背弧深部地区为低Vp,低VS和高Vp/VS异常。虽然这些特征在前人的研究中已经报道过,但与前人的研究结果相比,本次研究所获得的Vp/Vs的空间分布具有较小的分散性,同时,它的分布特征能较好的与地震波速度结构相吻合。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agricultural systems in China: A meta-analysis

Studies worldwide have indicated that agricultural pollution is the main source of nitrogen and phosphorus (N and P) in surface waters. A systematic understanding of N and P sources and sinks in agricultural systems is important for selecting the appropriate remedial strategies to control nutrient losses and water pollution. Based on nationwide data and a long-term monitoring program in Southeast China, the nationwide spatial and temporal patterns of N and P losses and the relationships between such losses and N and P inputs and rainfall were analyzed. The results showed that the annual nutrient losses from agricultural systems in China strongly varied, and the N/P values ranged from 0.01 to 51.0, with a majority at approximately 0–20, and an arithmetic mean of 9.73; these values mostly overlap the suitable range of N/P (6–15) for red bloom algae.     

Kinematic response of single piles to vertically incident P‐waves

Dynamic response of single piles to seismic waves is fundamentally different from the free‐field motion because of the interaction between the pile and the surrounding soil. Considering soil–pile interaction, this paper presents a new displacement model for the steady‐state kinematic response of single piles to vertically incident P‐waves on the basis of a continuum model. The governing equations and boundary conditions of the two undetermined functions in the model are obtained to be coupled by using Hamilton's principle. Then, the two unknown functions are decoupled and solved by an iterative algorithm numerically. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of the properties of the soil–pile system on the kinematic response of single piles. It is shown that the effects of the pile–soil modulus ratio, the slenderness ratio of the pile, and the frequency of the incident excitations are very significant. By contrast, the influence of soil damping on the kinematics of the system is slight and can be neglected. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simultaneous horst-basin formation and magmatism during Late Variscan transtension: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar and 207Pb/206Pb geochronology in the Ruhla Crystalline Complex

40 Ar/³⁹Ar–mica and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb–zircon dates are presented and combined with existing P–T data and the sedimentary record. These data indicate that the RCC was faulted into three segments which underwent different exhumation histories during the Late Carboniferous/Early Permian. The eastern segment shows ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar–biotite data of336 ±4 and 323±3 Ma. Furthermore, it is intruded by the Thuringian Hauptgranite dated at 337±4 Ma by the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb single zircon method. At approximately 300 Ma rocks of the eastern segment were finally exposed and, subsequently, subsided as part of the Oberhof pull-apart basin, filled by Late Carboniferous/Early Permian molasse sediments and volcanic rocks (296–285 Ma; Goll 1996). A similar Late Carboniferous evolution is inferred for the western segment, since it is also overlain by Upper Carboniferous volcanic rocks. In contrast to the eastern and western segments, distinctly younger intrusion and cooling ages were recorded for the central segment of the RCC (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar muscovite: 311±3 Ma; ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite: 293–288±3 Ma) that was intruded by the Trusetal Granite, the Ruhla Granite and Brotterode Diorite (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb single zircon: 298±2, 295±3, 289±4 Ma, respectively). These young data are unique in the MGCR and testify that plutonic activity and cooling of basement rocks took place simultaneously with basin formation and volcanism in the eastern and western segments. Overlying Upper Permian (Zechstein) and Triassic sediments indicate final exposure of the central segment by approximately 260 Ma, as a part of the Ruhla-Schleusingen Horst. Combination of these results with P–T data from the contact aureole of the Trusetal granite indicate that the central segment was unroofed by at least 8.5 km during the Late Carboniferous. The Late Carboniferous/Early Permian horst-basin formation, documented in the RCC, is due to dextral transtensional movements along the NW-trending Franconian fault system. It may have been enhanced by mantle upwelling widespread in Central Europe during the Early Permian that also caused intensive magmatism in the Thuringian Forest region. Received: 2 February 1999 / Accepted: 15 November 1999     

日本鬼魀蜇伤与P物质和生长抑素的关系及其粗毒对免疫细胞活性影响

1997年 6月在山东省日照市岚山头附近海域收集日本鬼 ,采用放射免疫学方法检测了注射毒腺粗提物大鼠局部肌肉组织、血浆、脊髓、延髓、中脑、下丘脑及免疫器官内P物质和生长抑素含量变化 ;用MTT法检测了毒腺粗提物在整体和离体条件下对免疫细胞活性的影响 ;用生化方法检测了毒腺组织中透明质酸酶活性。结果表明 ,与对照组大鼠相比 ,实验组大鼠局部肌肉及延髓、中脑、胸腺和脾脏中P物质含量增加 ,而下丘脑中P物质含量下降。生长抑素在中脑、延髓、脊髓、胸腺中显著增高。毒腺粗提物对胸腺细胞和脾细胞的活性具有显著的抑制作用。提示日本鬼蜇伤造成局部症状及其伴随的恶心、呕吐、心慌、胸闷等全身症状和继发感染可能与P物质和生长抑素含量变化有关。     

波速比异常空间演化与主震位置预测

以组合模式为基础,应用“交会法”探讨了甘肃省及邻区几次中强地震前ｕｐ／ｕｓ正负异常区的动态演化特征与主震位置的关系,发现主震发生在ｕｐ＝ｕｓ正负异常区的边界附近或多个异常区之间的联接地区,认为波速比异常的成因与调整背地里元的运动有密切的关系。本的讨论再次证明了“交会法”在预测主震位置中的普适性。     

食物质量和种间竞争对盔型溞(Daphnia galeata)和脆弱象鼻溞(Bosmina fatalis)种群增长的影响

竞争是调控水体浮游动物群落结构的生物因素之一.根据"大小效率假说",大型滤食性枝角类对小型枝角类有竞争优势.然而,大型滤食性枝角类体内磷含量通常高于小型枝角类,生长比小型枝角类更容易受食物磷缺乏的影响,食物的磷缺乏可能会改变大型枝角类和小型枝角类之间的竞争结果.本研究比较分析了食物碳磷比对两种常见枝角类（盔型溞（Daphnia galeata）和脆弱象鼻溞（Bosmina fatalis））的种群增长率、种群密度及种间竞争关系的影响.实验设计了3个食物质量处理组：高磷（碳：磷=105）、中磷（碳：磷=740）和低磷（碳：磷=2400）,食物浓度均为2 mg C/L蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）;针对每一个食物质量处理组,盔型溞和脆弱象鼻溞分别单独培养或混合培养.盔型溞和脆弱象鼻溞平均最大种群密度分别为378~893和364~2399 ind./L;平均种群增长率分别为0.11~0.14和0.09~0.16 d^-1;平均体长分别为1.53~2.50和0.25~0.35 mm.种群增长率和体长均随着食物碳磷比的升高而显著下降,而最大种群密度在中磷处理组显著高于其它两个处理组.盔型溞种群增长率在单独培养和混合培养间无显著差异;脆弱象鼻溞种群增长率在混合培养时显著低于单独培养时.在高磷和中磷处理组,盔型溞最大种群密度在单独培养和混合培养间无显著差异,在低磷处理组,混合培养时最大种群密度显著低于单独培养时;在高磷处理组,脆弱象鼻溞最大种群密度在单独培养和混合培养间无显著差异,在中磷和低磷处理组,混合培养时显著低于单独培养时.结果表明,在食物碳不缺条件下,不管食物磷是否缺乏,盔型溞均比脆弱象鼻溞有竞争优势.     

不同碳磷比的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响

食物质量会影响浮游动物的生长和繁殖,表征食物质量的指标包括食物大小、元素比、生物化学组成和毒性有无等.用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的碳磷比(C/P)表征食物质量,分析不同C/P斜生栅藻对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响.研究中4个处理组斜生栅藻C/P分别为881.8、512.3、124.3和42.4.培养9 d后不同处理组同型溞的生长速率分别为0.15、0.27、0.47和0.44 d-1.C/P比为881.8的处理组同型溞在整个培养过程中没有产仔,其余3个处理组的同型溞第1成龄期的产仔量分别为1.2±1.3、9.8±2.3和9.5±2.5 ind./female.结果表明,与斜生栅藻C/P为124.3处理条件相比,斜生栅藻C/P过高(512.3和881.8)及C/P过低(42.4)处理条件下同型溞生长速率和产仔量均降低.本研究表明食物C/P的高低会影响溞的生长和繁殖,从而影响其在湖泊中的生存.     

昆明基准地震台地面与井下记录地震差异分析

对昆明基准地震台山洞内放置的宽频带地震仪BBVS-60及井下放置的GL-S60B深井宽频带地震仪所记录的地震进行信噪比、P波到时差、波形相关性和频谱分析,得出地面与井下记录地震的差异情况。结果表明:①井下台信噪比与地面台信噪比相比提高有限,仅NS向提升明显;②地面台和井下台记录地震的P波到时基本一致;③在震中距小于3.1°时,地面台和井下台记录地震波波形相关度较低甚至不相关;在震中距大于3.1°后,波形相关度较高;④1.5～8.0Hz背景噪声差异,是震中距小于3.1°时地面台和井下台地震波形差异的主要原因。