商州黄土记录的最近六十万年来东秦岭古环境变迁

商州黄土剖面系东秦岭南侧的商—丹断陷盆地中丹江三级阶地上的黄土堆积,其形成年代不晚于０．６ＭａＢ．Ｐ．。在过去０．６Ｍａ这个时段,商州黄土剖面地层结构、磁化率以及粒度和地球化学特征反映的东秦岭６个湿热—干冷气候旋回与黄土高原黄土剖面的气候变化记录以及深海沉积氧同位素气候阶段是相吻合的。     

超低水平液闪谱仪测定雨水、海水中的宇生核素32P和33P

本研究旨在建立用超低水平液闪谱仪测定雨水、海水中的宇生核素32P3、3P的方法.通过对液闪谱仪的主要性能与技术参数进行优化设置,对液闪谱仪的效率及能量进行刻度,建立淬灭校正曲线,探讨影响测量本底的因素,实现液闪谱仪对样品的优化测量.并通过液闪谱仪对厦门沿岸地区雨水及厦门湾海水进行测量,得到2004年3月至2005年2月雨水中32P3、3P的月平均比活度分别为0.30×10-2~3.18×10-2、0.28×10-2~3.05×10-2Bq/dm3,33P/32P)A.R.月平均值介于0.74~0.96之间,平均为0.87±0.03;厦门湾海水中32P、33P的比活度分别为1.52×10-2~4.62×10-2、1.28×10-2~3.72×10-2Bq/m3,33P/32P)A.R.为0.81~0.91.     

Refining P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for marine particulate samples: Storage conditions and extraction recovery

Solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has recently been used to characterize phosphorus species within marine particles. However, the effects of sample collection, storage and preparation have not been thoroughly examined. In this study, samples of settling particulates collected from a 1200-m sediment trap located in Monterey Bay, California, were subjected to various storage options (i.e., no storage, refrigeration, freezing, and oven-drying and grinding) prior to extraction for solution ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy. Freezing, refrigerating and drying samples for periods of up to 6 months prior to extraction with 0.25 M NaOH + 0.05 M Na₂EDTA increased the concentration of extracted P by an average of 16% relative to samples extracted without storage. Pre-extraction storage also introduced some minor changes in P speciation, by increasing the percentage of orthophosphate by up to 15% and decreasing the percentage of pyrophosphate by up to 5%, relative to the abundances of these P species in samples extracted without storage. Drying caused the biggest changes in speciation, specifically decreasing more extensively the relative percentage of pyrophosphate compared to other treatments. Nevertheless, observed changes in speciation due to sample storage within a specific sample were small relative to differences observed among samples collected sequentially in the same area, or reported differences among samples collected at different locations. Samples were also analyzed by solid-state ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy before and after extraction, to examine extraction-related changes in P speciation. Comparison of solution with solid-state ³¹P NMR indicates that extraction with NaOH–EDTA removes the majority of organic esters, but only a variable portion of phosphonates (39–67%). In addition, there was preferential extraction of Ca-associated phosphate over Mg-, Fe- and Al-associated phosphate. Solution ³¹P NMR enables much higher resolution of P species within samples, particularly when it is important to speciate orthophosphate monoesters and diesters, or if polyphosphates are present. However, combining solid-state ³¹P NMR with solution ³¹P NMR spectroscopy for marine particles should be conducted when examining inorganic P speciation and the abundance of phosphonates.     

Induction of EROD activity in Paralichthys olivaceus by polychlorinated biphenyl CB-28

Abstract-The test organisms (Paralichthys olivaceus) were exposed to CB-28 with differentspiked concentrations. After 72 h, EROD activities in livers of the test organisms were measured. It wasfound that EROD activities significantly mounted up with the increase of spiked quantity. Therefore,there existed a dose-response relationship between EROD activities and specific pollutant concentrations.In the meantime, the optimal conditions for the analysis of EROD activity were discussed. The limita-tion of EROD activities as a monitoring parameter was also analyzed.     

福建闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力时空特征

为研究福建省闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力的时空变化,于2014年11月—2015年8月对闽江口大型底栖动物进行了4个季度的调查研究。在获得3条断面大型底栖动物物种数、密度和生物量的基础上,利用Brey经验公式计算年平均次级生产力(P)。研究结果显示:闽江口4个季度共获得大型底栖动物63种,其中优势类群为多毛类。闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物年均次级生产力为6.13 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1(AFDW,去灰分干重,ash-free dry weight)。在季节分布上,次级生产力最高值出现在夏季,为11.04 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1,最低值出现在冬季,为2.25 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1;在空间分布上,次级生产力最高值出现在P03断面,为10.23 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1,最低值出现在P01断面,为2.54 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1。大型底栖动物年均P/B值(B=Biomass,生物量)为2.31 a-1,最高值出现在春季,为3.17 a-1,最低值出现在夏季,为1.74 a-1;且P02断面的P/B值高于其他2条断面。Pearson相关分析结果表明,次级生产力与温度呈显著正相关,P/B值与盐度呈显著正相关但与p H呈显著负相关。因此,环境因子在一定程度上影响着该区域大型底栖动物的次级生产力。闽江口大型底栖动物群落组成中以个体小、生活史短、繁殖快的小型甲壳类蜾蠃蜚(Corophium sp.)为主,使该潮间带区域的P/B值高于其他临近潮间带区域的调查结果。     

Spatial and temporal variability in coccolithophore abundance and production of PIC and POC in the NE subarctic Pacific during El Niño (1998), La Niña (1999) and 2000

Seasonal variations in coccolithophore abundance, chlorophyll, nutrients and production of particulate organic and inorganic carbon (POC and PIC) were determined along a coastal to oceanic east-west transect (Line P) culminating at Ocean Station Papa in the northeastern subarctic Pacific between 1998 and 2000. Offshore stations generally exhibited low seasonality in chlorophyll concentrations, with moderate seasonality in POC production. Near shelf stations showed a similar pattern to offshore stations, but were also characterized by sporadic events of higher POC productivity. During the 1998 El Niño, June was characterized by low chlorophyll and POC productivity along the transect, presumably as a result of depleted surface nitrate. In contrast, during the 1999 La Niña, and in 2000, higher POC productivity and surface nitrate occurred along the transect in June. Chlorophyll and POC productivity were similar in late summer in all 3 years. The coccolithophore population was usually numerically dominated by Emiliania huxleyi, particularly in June. Along the transect, abundance of coccolithophores was much higher in June during the 1998 El Niño (mean of 221 cells ml⁻¹) than in the 1999 La Niña (mean of 40 cells ml⁻¹), with their abundance in late summers of both years being very low. Abundances were even higher along the transect in June and the late summer of 2000 with sporadic ‘blooms’ of >1000 cells ml⁻¹ at some stations (cruise averages 395 and 552 cell ml⁻¹, respectively). Production rates of PIC did not consistently correlate with areas of high coccolithophore abundance. PIC production was high (100-250 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹) along the transect during June 1998, and low (1-40 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹) during both winters, June 1999 and during late summers of 1998 and 1999. The year 2000 was more complicated, with high rates of PIC production accompanying high abundance of coccolithophores in late summer, but lower rates of PIC production accompanying high coccolithophore numbers in June. Our data suggest that the abundance of coccolithophores and the production rates of PIC in the subarctic are higher than previously thought. Occasional PIC:POC production ratios of 1 or greater in 1998 and 2000 suggest that coccolithophores in this region could have a significant impact on the efficiency of the biological carbon pump.     

Station Papa Time Series: Insights into Ecosystem Dynamics

The Northeast Pacific has one of the longest time series of any open ocean station, primarily as a result of the weathership station at Station P from the 1950s to 1981. This review summarizes our understanding of the plankton ecosystem for this station and examines interannual variability for the primary producers. The weathership era characterized a period of high temporal sampling resolution with a limited number of parameters being measured. In contrast, the post-weathership period focussed on seasonal sampling (usually three times per year), but a wider range of parameters were measured and sediment traps were deployed to estimate carbon and opal flux rates. The mixed layer depth is shallow compared to the Atlantic Ocean, ranging from 40 to 120 m in late summer and winter respectively. Nitrate, silicate and phosphate are saturating year round with only a few exceptions in the 1970s. Winter and summer Si:N ratios are the same (1.5:1). Ammonium and urea are 0.5 uM in winter and near detection limits (∼0.1 uM) in late summer. Iron is limiting (∼0.05 nM) in late spring and summer for the growth of large diatoms, but iron is co-limiting with irradiance in winter. Chlorophyll and primary productivity are low and show little seasonal variation (about 2 times). Summer chl is about 20 mg m⁻² while primary productivity ranges from 400–850 mg C m⁻²d⁻¹. The f-ratio of 0.25 does not vary with seasons and indicates that primary productivity is fueled by regenerated nitrogen (e.g. NH₄ and urea). Small cells (<5 um) are normally abundant and they utilize regenerated nitrogen produced by the micrograzers; they do not appear to be Fe-limited, but rather controlled by the micrograzers. Shipboard carboy experiments indicate that large diatoms become dominant when iron is added. Therefore top down control is exerted by the micrograzers on the small cells, while there is bottom up control of the large phytoplankton due to low Fe concentrations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

P/E界线全球事件在西藏定日地区的响应

生物群、沉积物和有机地球化学变化显示，古新统－始新统（P／E）界线全球事件在西藏南部定日（东特提期残留海低纬度浅水）地区存在明显响应：古新统宗浦组顶部有孔虫动物群的属、种绝灭率分别为87％和94％，始新统遮普惹组底部有孔虫属、种新生率分别达80％和69％；岩层以（生物滩相）薄－中层向厚层－块状生物灰岩转化，泥质含量增加；典型生物标志经合物参数变化明显，Pr／17比值平均从0．365增加到0．86，Ph／18由0．56变为0．92，β／17由12．843剧增到123．17，γ／17由2．46突变为29．5。结合西藏及邻区岩相分布、接触关系后认为，这种全球地质事件的响应在研究区可能是一种古海洋事件，可能由大洋环流（古水团）变化引起。     

Spatial variation of nutrients and primary productivity in the Rufiji Delta mangroves,Tanzania

Determinations of spatial and temporal variations in organic matter and nutrient dynamics in water and sediments are crucial for understanding changes in aquatic bodies. In this study, we (i) determine the spatial dynamics of dissolved inorganic nutrients, during the transition from the dry to the rainy season, and (ii) provide future productivity predictions for the Rufiji Delta mangroves, Tanzania, based on the input of various nutrients. Water samples were collected from six locations, three times per year between April 2012 and January 2014, and analysed for dissolved nutrients, total organic and inorganic carbon, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids. The prediction of future net primary productivity in the Rufiji mangroves was undertaken using the software STELLA. The mean nutrient concentrations were of the order: nitrate > phosphate > ammonium > silica > dissolved organic carbon. The study revealed that high nutrient concentrations occurred in the northern part of the Rufiji Delta as a result of anthropogenic influence in the watershed. Modelling of nutrient inputs into the delta indicated enhanced primary productivity, which is expected to increase the vulnerability of water quality in the near future due to eutrophication.     

Formation and preservation of fresh lawsonite: Geothermobarometry of the North Makran Blueschists,southeast Iran

A low‐grade metamorphic “Coloured Mélange” in North Makran (SE Iran) contains lenses and a large klippe of low temperature, lawsonite‐bearing blueschists formed during the Cretaceous closure of the Tethys Ocean. The largest blueschist outcrop is a >1,000 m thick coherent unit with metagabbros overlain by interlayered metabasalts and metavolcanoclastic rocks. Blueschist metamorphism is only incipient in coarse‐grained rocks, whereas finer grained, foliated samples show thorough metamorphic recrystallization. The low‐variance blueschist peak assemblage is glaucophane, lawsonite, titanite, jadeite±phengitic mica. Investigated phase diagram sections of three blueschists with different protoliths yield peak conditions of ~300–380°C at 9–14 kbar. Magnesio‐hornblende and rutile cores indicate early amphibolite facies metamorphism at >460°C and 2–4 kbar. Later conditions at slightly higher pressures of 6–9 kbar at 350–450°C are recorded by barroisite, omphacite and rutile assemblages before entering into the blueschist facies and finally following a retrograde path through the pumpellyite–actinolite facies across the lawsonite stability field. Assuming that metamorphic pressure is lithostatic pressure, the corresponding counterclockwise P–T path is explained by burial along a warm geothermal gradient (~15°C/km) in a young subduction system, followed by exhumation along a cold gradient (~8°C/km); a specific setting that allows preservation of fresh undecomposed lawsonite in glaucophane‐bearing rocks.