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21.
GUNNAR ØSTREM NILS HAAKENSEN HANS CHR. OLSEN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(1):243-258
ABSTRACT. The retreat of Nigardsbreen, an outlet glacier from the ice-cap Jostedalsbreen in south-central Norway, from its largest extent during the Little Ice Age, uncovered a proglacial lake during 1936–1967. This lake, Nigardsvatn, has been studied since 1968 in order to obtain data on solid material carried by the meltwater stream from the glacier, both in suspension and as bottom load. Between 70 and 85% of the suspended sediment has been deposited on the lake bottom, forming annual varves. The coarse material has been deposited in a delta, the formation of which started in 1968. Its growth, and hence the volume of total annual bottom load, has been surveyed annually for the past 36 years. In 1969 the entire bottom load was collected by building a fence-like net across the river. Material >3 cm was caught by this net, and formed approximately half the amount of suspended sediment transport during the same three-week period. Annual average deposition on the delta was 11800×103 kg for the period 1968–2003. This is almost the same amount as carried in suspension from the glacier on an annual mean basis for the 36-year period. If conditions remain constant, the lake will be completely filled in about 500 years. The glacier erosion is calculated to be 0.3 mm/a. 相似文献
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Temporal and spatial variations in water flow and sediment load in Narmada River Basin, India: natural and man-made factors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Narmada River flows through the Deccan volcanics and transports water and sediments to the adjacent Arabian Sea. In a
first-ever attempt, spatial and temporal (annual, seasonal, monthly and daily) variations in water discharge and sediment
loads of Narmada River and its tributaries and the probable causes for these variations are discussed. The study has been
carried out with data from twenty-two years of daily water discharge at nineteen locations and sediment concentrations data
at fourteen locations in the entire Narmada River Basin. Water flow in the river is a major factor influencing sediment loads
in the river. The monsoon season, which accounts for 85 to 95% of total annual rainfall in the basin, is the main source of
water flow in the river. Almost 85 to 98% of annual sediment loads in the river are transported during the monsoon season
(June to November). The average annual sediment flux to the Arabian Sea at Garudeshwar (farthest downstream location) is 34.29×106 t year−1 with a water discharge of 23.57 km3 year−1. These numbers are the latest and revised estimates for Narmada River. Water flow in the river is influenced by rainfall,
catchment area and groundwater inputs, whereas rainfall intensity, geology/soil characteristics of the catchment area and
presence of reservoirs/dams play a major role in sediment discharge. The largest dam in the basin, namely Sardar Sarovar Dam,
traps almost 60–80% of sediments carried by the river before it reaches the Arabian Sea. 相似文献
24.
Snow load on mesh systems is complicated by many factors. This paper presents field instrumentation data on snow load variation with temperature, snowfall and snow depth on a mesh system. It was found that snow load pattern on mesh systems changed with temperature even without variation in snow depth. It reached its maximum value when the temperature rose just above freezing to melt the interface. The field data was used to formulate appropriate snow load models for the various conditions of temperature in the field. The snow load models were used to study the performance of a number of mesh systems in North America and estimate the interface friction that was prevalent for the different surface conditions. 相似文献
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26.
灌注桩基础是珠江三角洲地区工业与民用建筑广泛采用的基础形式之一,但由于各种原因,发生质量问题的灌注桩基础屡见不鲜.本文简明地介绍了灌注桩基础工程质量事故概况、灌注桩质量检测和评价方法以及灌注桩质量事故处理的常用方法. 相似文献
27.
An Overview of Dissolved and Suspended Matter Fluxes in the Loire River Basin: Natural and Anthropogenic Inputs 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Cécile Grosbois Philippe Négrel Daniel Grimaud Christian Fouillac 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2001,7(2):81-105
The spatial and temporal distributions of major elements were investigated in the surface waters and in associated suspended matter at two sites of the upper Loire basin (Orleans and Brehemont) between 1995 and 1998.According to geochemical and isotopic patterns, the dissolved load appears to result from a process of mixing rainwater inputs, weathering processes of carbonate and silicate bedrock, and agricultural and urban inputs. Natural inputs influence 60% of water chemical composition at both sites. Annual dissolved fluxes were estimated to be 1300 103 t/y at Orleans and 1620 103 t/y at Brehemont. Major elements are transported mainly in the dissolved fraction. After correcting for atmospheric and anthropogenic inputs, the silicate specific export rate was calculated to be 11 t/y/km2 throughout the basin and the carbonate specific export rate to be from 47 t/y/km2 at Orleans to 23 t/y/km2 at Brehemont.The suspended load appears to result from at least two particle reservoirs: a silicate reservoir and a carbonate reservoir. The silicate reservoir has a detrital origin, mainly during periods of high flow, while the carbonate reservoir has a detrital origin during periods of high flow and an authigenic origin during periods of low flow. Of the total annual flow of suspended matter, this authigenic material represents 16% at Orleans, 25% at Brehemont and 37% in the fluvial part of the estuary. After correcting authigenic inputs, the specific export rate due to mechanical weathering was estimated to be 8 t/y/km2 throughout the Loire basin. 相似文献
28.
与传统的钢制钻杆相比,铝合金钻杆具有密度小、比强度高、无磁等优点,因此在钻井作业中具有较大优势。钻杆在井下工作环境恶劣,如与井壁发生碰撞,将导致钻杆变形,降低其强度。笔者通过Ansys LS-DYNA以及Workbench进行仿真,研究Φ147 mm铝合金钻杆与孔壁碰撞后的变形状态,以及产生裂纹后对其强度进行分析。结果表明,Φ147 mm铝合金钻杆在使用过程中,钻杆主体段相对薄弱,在2 m/s的速度下与钻孔壁发生碰撞会产生塑性变形,从而降低铝合金钻杆的性能。钻杆主体段的裂纹长度1 mm时,在载荷作用下,将发生裂纹扩展,导致钻杆断裂。钻杆主体段有裂纹时,在疲劳载荷作用下,有裂纹的钻杆所能承受的载荷是无裂纹钻杆所能承受载荷的五分之一。 相似文献
29.
为探讨海上风机在风、浪等水平往复循环荷载下大直径单桩基础的循环弱化特性,设计了稳定输出长期循环荷载的机械加载装置,开展了软黏土中长期水平循环荷载下海上风电大直径单桩基础和传统长桩基础的模型试验对比研究。根据API给出的骨干曲线和Masing二倍准则构建循环荷载下的p-y(荷载-位移)曲线,并借鉴前人工作,采用累积塑性应变描述软黏土的不排水抗剪强度弱化,提出了分析大周数水平循环荷载下单桩基础循环弱化的理论方法。该方法将循环荷载次数、幅值等外界条件与桩周土体的循环弱化特性建立联系,以适应海洋环境复杂多变的水平循环荷载形式。通过模型试验和理论研究认为,大直径单桩基础因刚度较大,在同样的水平力循环荷载条件下,其抵抗循环荷载的能力明显优于传统长桩。在海上风机大直径单桩的设计中采用基于黏土残余强度的循环后稳定水平承载力更为合理。 相似文献
30.