郑州市空气质量状况及冬季持续污染过程的气象机理分析

利用2004-2008年郑州市环境监测站所监测的SO2、NO2、PM10日平均浓度资料及历史气象资料,分析了郑州市近5a的空气质量状况与特征,并以2006年12月份的2次持续性污染过程为例,分析了气象条件对污染物浓度的影响,结果显示：郑州市以煤烟型污染为主,污染物浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,冬春季节污染物浓度明显高于夏秋季节;冬季均压场中持续多日风速小、近地面层出现逆温层是造成郑州市出现持续污染事件的主要气象条件,持续性污染过程往往因受冷空气的影响而结束。     

大气PM2.5源解析“源清单化学质量平衡法(I-CMB)”模型的建立与应用

针对受体模型对大气PM2.5中二次无机、有机气溶胶不能给出有效源贡献的问题,建立了一种基于污染源清单的化学质量平衡(Inventory-Chemical Mass Balance,I-CMB)颗粒物源解析受体模型,代入北京市近年的污染物排放数据进行了解析应用。结果表明,燃煤是北京大气PM2.5的最大来源(占比约28.06%),其余依次为机动车(19.73%)、扬尘(17.88%)、工业(16.50%)、餐饮(3.43%)、植物(3.40%)。相比于传统的化学质量平衡法(Chemical Mass Balance,CMB),I-CMB的源解析过程对源成分谱的要求较低、抗干扰性更强,计算结果均衡、详尽,比较适合我国当前大气PM2.5控制的需求。     

保定市大气颗粒物中含碳组分粒径分布

北京-天津-河北地区工业城市保定大气颗粒物(Particulate matter,PM)污染严重,保定大气颗粒物尤其是细粒子和超细粒子污染严重,其中含碳组分具有重大贡献,PM1.1、PM2.1和PM2.1-9.0中含碳气溶胶总量(total carbonaceous aerosols,TCA)分别占到(49±20)%、(45±19)%和(19±7)%。PM9.0中的含碳气溶胶主要富集在PM2.1乃至PM1.1中。颗粒物浓度谱分布及含碳气溶胶富集量呈显著季节变化,由于采暖过程秋冬季各粒径段有机碳(organic carbon,OC)和元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)的浓度均增加,秋、冬季节细颗粒物中OC浓度可高达44.0±38.3、78.5±30.2μg m-3,EC浓度分别为3.5±1.6、8.5±6.8μg m-3。各个季节OC和EC在总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulate,TSP)中的几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)均集中在较小粒径段。粗颗粒物中OC的GMD在春夏季较高,秋季减少,而冬季最低。而粗颗粒物中EC的GMD则是冬季最高,夏季最低。保定0.4μm的颗粒物中OC/EC比值4个季节的水平较为稳定,春、夏、秋、冬季OC/EC比值分别为5.2、3.5、4.1和5.4,来源主要为交通和燃煤。其余几个粒径段的颗粒物的来源更为复杂,其来源主要为燃煤、木材和生物质。     

Wind-tunnel Modelling of Dispersion from a Scalar Area Source in Urban-Like Roughness

A wind-tunnel study was conducted to investigate ventilation of scalars from urban-like geometries at neighbourhood scale by exploring two different geometries a uniform height roughness and a non-uniform height roughness, both with an equal plan and frontal density of λ _p = λ _f = 25%. In both configurations a sub-unit of the idealized urban surface was coated with a thin layer of naphthalene to represent area sources. The naphthalene sublimation method was used to measure directly total area-averaged transport of scalars out of the complex geometries. At the same time, naphthalene vapour concentrations controlled by the turbulent fluxes were detected using a fast Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) technique. This paper describes the novel use of a naphthalene coated surface as an area source in dispersion studies. Particular emphasis was also given to testing whether the concentration measurements were independent of Reynolds number. For low wind speeds, transfer from the naphthalene surface is determined by a combination of forced and natural convection. Compared with a propane point source release, a 25% higher free stream velocity was needed for the naphthalene area source to yield Reynolds-number-independent concentration fields. Ventilation transfer coefficients w _T /U derived from the naphthalene sublimation method showed that, whilst there was enhanced vertical momentum exchange due to obstacle height variability, advection was reduced and dispersion from the source area was not enhanced. Thus, the height variability of a canopy is an important parameter when generalising urban dispersion. Fine resolution concentration measurements in the canopy showed the effect of height variability on dispersion at street scale. Rapid vertical transport in the wake of individual high-rise obstacles was found to generate elevated point-like sources. A Gaussian plume model was used to analyse differences in the downstream plumes. Intensified lateral and vertical plume spread and plume dilution with height was found for the non-uniform height roughness.     

建筑物对大气污染物扩散影响的大涡模拟

利用一个大涡模式对一个方形建筑物周围的气流场进行了模拟,并与相应的风洞实验结果进行比较,对比结果表明大涡模拟方法可以精细地反映建筑物周围的流场特征.在此基础上,将拉格朗日随机游动扩散模式与大涡模式相结合,对在受建筑物影响的气流场中的大气污染物扩散进行模拟,模拟结果表明该方法可以很好地模拟出在建筑物影响下的气流变形所引起的各种污染物散布情况.建筑物周围的气流结构特性使得建筑物顶部污染源位置的细小变化可能造成建筑物周围污染物分布形势的很大不同,特别是对建筑物背风侧的空腔区内地面污染物浓度有着很大的影响.当排放     

Elemental and organic carbon in atmospheric aerosols at downtown and suburban sites in Prague

Organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) content in PM₁₀ was studied at two sites in Prague, which were located in a suburb and in the downtown. Similar overall average levels were found for both species and also for the PM₁₀ mass at the two sites (i.e., 5.5 and 4.8 μg/m³ for OC, 0.74 and 0.80 μg/m³ for EC, and 33 μg/m³ and 37 μg/m³ for the PM₁₀ mass at the suburb and downtown site, respectively), but substantial differences were observed between the two sites in some seasons and/or meteorological situations. Approximately three times higher values were found for OC in winter compared to summer, with a higher winter/summer ratio for the suburban site. The differences for EC were smaller, but still, compared to summer, more than two times higher EC levels were observed during autumn at the suburban site and 1.5 higher EC levels in winter and autumn at the downtown site. The lowest OC to EC ratios at the suburban site were 3.4, while they were around 1.3 for the downtown site. It was found that the origin of the air masses had a major impact on the observed PM₁₀ mass and OC levels, with largest concentrations noted for air masses recirculating over central Europe and arriving from southeastern Europe in winter. Trajectories coming from the west and northwest originating above the Atlantic Ocean and the Artic brought the cleanest air masses to the sites. For EC the largest difference between the two sites was observed for northwesterly winds during the non-heating season when the suburban site was upwind of Prague.     

福州天气形势分型与大气污染物相关分析

利用2002-2006年地面天气图和500hPa高空图,将影响福州的天气形势分为10型,结合大气污染物浓度资料,统计2002-2006年福州全年、冬半年和夏半年不同天气形势型的出现率及相应的污染物浓度值,分析不同天气形势下大气扩散能力的强弱以及对污染物浓度的影响。结果表明：锋前暖区和地面倒槽是最不利于扩散的天气型,台风（热带辐合带）和低涡锋面是最有利于扩散的天气型;冬半年高压后部、锋前暖区和地面倒槽对污染物浓度增大的影响最大,低涡锋面、高压脊和高压底部对污染物浓度减小的影响最大;夏半年台风（热带辐合带）及外围、低涡锋面、副热带高压对污染物浓度减小的影响最大,其他天气型影响下污染物浓度变化幅度均为正值。     

日照市区空气污染物的时空分布特征

利用日照市2002年1月1日-12月31日S02，N02，可吸入颗粒物PM10三类污染物分布的逐日污染指数和等级资料，分析了日照市区空气污染物的时空分布特征，结果表明：可吸入颗粒物PM10是日照市主要的空气污染物；空气污染物分布有明显的季节变化，轻微及以上的污染日全部出现在冬半年(主要集中在1—4月)；空气污染物分布有明显的区域性，老城区较新市区污染严重。     

Numerical and experimental studies on flow and pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

In this study numerical simulations and water tank experiments were used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon. Two types of canyon geometry were tested. The studies indicate that in a step-up notch canyon （higher buildings on the downstream side of the canyon）, the height and shape of the upstream lower buildings plays an important role in flow pattern and pollutant dispersion, while in a step-down notch canyon （lower buildings on the downstream side）, the downstream lower buildings have little influence. The studies also show that the substitution of tall towers for parailelepiped buildings on one side of the canyon may enhance the street ventilation and decrease the pollutant concentration emitted by motor vehicles.     

北京地区严重污染物状况下的大气边界层结构与参数研究

利用北京３２５ ｍ 铁塔资料对出现在１９９８ 年９ 月２６～３０ 日的一次严重污染过程的边界层结构和决定大气污染物扩散稀释的边界层参数作了分析和研究。分析发现, 这段时间边界层稳定层结占绝大多数, 白天在近地面的不稳定层结上还时有逆温盖, 另外在此期间风速较小。利用此资料还得到了北京严重污染状况下决定边界层湍流的一套基本物理参数