Biochemical Characterization of Refractory Organic Substances

The characterization of refractory organic substances (ROS) is very complicated because of their heterogeneous structure. Size-exclusion chromatography with continuous detection of dissolved nitrogen (LC-DN), dissolved organic carbon (LC-DOC), and UV-absorbance (LC-UV) is a very useful analytical tool for the characterization of changes of ROS in natural aquatic systems and in technological treatment. The effect of natural, oxidative, and biochemical processes on formation and removal of ROS is described. Additionally the role of hydrolysable carbohydrates in the composition of ROS is presented.     

Einflußfaktoren auf die Freisetzung von DOC und AOX unter ehemaligen Abwasserversickerungsflächen

Factors Influencing the Release of DOC and AOX out of Former Wastewater Infiltration Soils The influence of soil and of infiltration water quality on the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) from two former wastewater infiltration sites was investigated in laboratory column studies. Desorption was the most important factor influencing release processes. It depends on the amount of sorbent and sorbate and the strength of binding. Therefore, for constant irrigation rates a higher soil organic carbon content coincided with higher DOC-contents of the column effluent, while the irrigation water quality was of minor importance. Within one system the dependencies of AOX release and DOC mobilization were found to be similar. Transferring these dependencies on other systems has its limitations because of a different binding quality between sorbent and sorbate.     

GC/MS-Nontargetanalytik zur Aufklärung einer organischen Grundwasserkontamination. Teil I: Probennahme – Analytik – Identifikation der organischen Verbindungen

GC/MS Nontarget Analysis to Examine an Organic Groundwater Contamination. Part I: Sampling – Analysis – Identification GC/MS nontarget analysis is a combination of an extraction sequence and a GC/MS analysis without standards. The extraction sequence should enrich a wide range of organic substances with different chemical and physical properties. The GC/MS analysis without standards evaluates the total chromatogram whereas the possibilities of compound identification are limited. This kind of view is suited very well if the task of examinations are unknown organic contaminations and the conventional target analysis has to be expanded to a large number of compounds with the uncertainty of detecting the main contaminants. The extraction sequence is similar to the EPA 625 analysis of base/neutral and acid extractable organic compounds. Basis are liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction at different pH values. This extraction procedure covers approximately 30 % of total organic carbon of these groundwater samples from a contaminated area near a low temperature carbonization plant. Relevant groups of organic compounds analyzed in the contaminated groundwater or in the reference sample are substituted aromatics, phenols, benzoamines (anilines), and derivates of benzothiophene. Differences in the trace substance mixtures between the contaminated samples and the reference sample are demonstrated by applying modern graphical methods.     

Development of a SPME-GC Method for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Wastewater

A manual SPME method is presented for the analysis of organic compounds in industrial wastewater. 24 compounds commonly found in the wastewater of a chemical plant in northern Germany have been selected as reference compounds. Precision, linearity, and detection limits have been determined. Moreover, the effect of methanol content, pH value, salt content, and an excess of compounds on the extraction process have been studied. Several compounds have been investigated for their applicability as internal standards to quantify the compounds of interest. Since the method will later be transferred to a fully automated SPME-GC system, which will be operated directly on-site at an industrial wastewater purification plant, special attention has been paid to the analysis of real wastewater samples. In this context, the fibre stability has been studied by performing 53 extraction/desorption cycles from one wastewater sample. Neither a decrease in fibre performance nor in precision has been observed indicating that the proposed method is suitable for the analysis of real wastewater.     

波生流对海岸污染物输移的影响

通过物理模型实验对海岸波浪作用下污染物运动特性进行了分析,重点分析了质量输移流、沿岸流、沿岸流不稳定运动及破波带内旋涡运动等海岸水动力因素的影响.实验中坡度分别取为1:100和1:40,实验中采用CCD摄像机记录墨水的运动轨迹,同步测量流体质点速度以及波面升高.实验表明,在破碎带外污染物主要受波浪非线性引起的质量输移流的影响;在破碎带内主要受沿岸流的影响,同时还受沿岸流不稳定运动及大尺度旋涡运动的影响.     

海相优质烃源岩发育的主要影响因素及沉积环境

对海洋生物、现代海洋沉积和古代海相地层中有机质含量分布特征和实验室模拟实验的结果表明,水体中高生物生产率是海相环境形成富有机质沉积的关键因素;沉积和早期成岩作用期间水体的相对还原环境是有机质富集保存的有利条件;海底深部流体的活动是造成富有机质沉积的不可忽视的因素;沉积速率是影响海相沉积有机质富集的主要因素。现有研究表明,在海相盆地中最有利形成优质烃源岩的沉积环境主要有欠补偿浅水—深水盆地、台缘斜坡、半闭塞—闭塞欠补偿海湾和蒸发潟湖。     

粘土矿物对有机质生烃的催化作用

烃源岩的有机质主要以有机粘土复合体的形式存在。有机质生烃是一种有机粘土化学反应。反应过程中,有机质与粘土之间存在质子和电子迁移,粘土通过对水分子的吸附和离解为有机质加氢裂解提供H+,而有机质生成的有机酸激活了粘土的催化活性,也为蒙皂石伊利石化反应创造了条件。烃源岩不同粘土矿物的选择性催化特征是影响油气组成的最重要因素。粘土的催化活性大小和发育时间是决定烃源岩生烃潜力大小的因素。由于烃源岩在蒙皂石伊利石化阶段具有最大的催化活性,而且与有机质生烃反应同步,因此富含伊$蒙混合层的烃源岩是世界含油气盆地的最有利烃源岩。不同地质时期的烃类地质储量与烃源岩膨胀性粘土的丰度有密切关系。     

瓯江河口水质评价及主要污染物入海通量分析

文章以瓯江入海河口水体为研究对象,结合综合指数法对2013—2018年瓯江入海水体水质变化趋势进行分析与评价,同时分析主要污染物的入海通量变化,以期为温州海域近岸环境改善提供参考。结果表明:瓯江河口水体中TP、CODCr超出《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）III类水质标准。瓯江河口水质综合污染指数均值为6.54,平均污染指数均值为0.60,主要污染物为TP和CODCr,研究期间瓯江河口水体环境质量呈好转趋势。瓯江年均污染物入海总量约为665 950 t,污染物入海通量中CODCr占比最大,其次为TP;2014—2018年,TP入海通量呈下降趋势。     

地形对湖南省内污染物输送的动力作用

结合湖南地形走向, 从理论分析和实验两个方面着手研究了气流遇山时产生的受阻、爬越及绕流引起的平行于山的急流、过山后的类 “水跃”以及绕山后的右偏转对于污染物输送的动力作用, 科学地分析了散布在湘西、湘西南的污染源所排放的污染物沿山的走向在山的迎风面自北向南及自西向东输送从而造成湘东南的污染。而气流过山后的类 “水跃”现象对污染物有明显的垂直输送作用, 且绕流的右偏转使污染物向山的右侧输送, 危害了山右侧的自然景观及人类的活动。