基于WRF模式数据和CASA模型的青海湖流域草地NPP估算研究

植被净初级生产力(NPP)是研究陆地碳循环过程的核心内容, 而高海拔区域由于气象观测数据的缺乏造成模型对其估算的不准确.在WRF模式气象数据和SPOT-VEGETATION遥感影像的基础上, 利用CASA模型对青海湖流域2000-2010年的草地NPP进行了估算, 经过实地样方数据和其他模型数据的验证后, 分析了青海湖流域近11 a来草地NPP的空间分布格局和时间变化特征.结果表明: 1)在气象观测资料缺乏的青海湖流域, WRF模式的气象数据能较好地应用到模型中, CASA模型对该区域草地NPP的模拟精度较高; 2)2000-2010年青海湖流域草地年均NPP为2.71×10¹²gC·a^-1, 单位面积草地NPP为145.71 gC·m^-2·a^-1; 空间分布上呈现出由东南向西北随着海拔升高逐渐下降的格局, 在海拔3 200~3 500 m的区域草地单位面积的NPP达到最大; 3)2000-2010年青海湖流域草地NPP年际变化明显, 近11 a呈现出明显的增加趋势, 增加区域主要分布在环湖地区; 年内季节变化显著, 夏季NPP占到全年的57.36%; 4)对NPP和气象站点太阳辐射、 气温、 降水数据进行相关性分析, 发现影响青海湖流域草地NPP变化的主要驱动力是气温.     

囊谦古近纪盆地砂岩地球化学特征及其对物源和沉积环境的指示作用

砂岩地球化学特征对物质来源、古气候和沉积环境具有十分重要的示踪和指示作用。通过分析砂岩的微量元素和稀土元素含量的变化,研究了囊谦盆地沉积环境、古气候及物源特征。结果表明:囊谦古近纪盆地的古环境为气候干旱炎热、氧化环境;微量元素中的深源元素低于地壳粘土岩中的平均值,说明物源为陆源物质,而陆源元素则与地壳粘土岩中的平均值相当,反映沉积速度快;砂岩的REE北美页岩和球粒陨石标准化配分模式表现出轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损但变化平缓,反映典型的沉积成因特征;Th/Sc、Th/U、La/Th元素比值和La/Sc-Co/Th、Th-Hf-Co、La/Yb-∑REE以及砂岩函数判别图解显示囊谦古近纪盆地碎屑岩物源具有多样性,主要来自于上地壳长英质源区,源岩可能为沉积岩、酸性火山岩和拉斑玄武岩的混合。     

雪宝顶区块流域钙华形成的生物作用研究

钙华不仅具有重要的景观旅游价值,而且对确定区内碳酸盐沉积特征、环境演化规律及同期环境生物的作用与贡献有重要的研究意义。本文在对比国内外典型钙华特征的基础上,以黄龙和九寨沟为例,对雪宝顶区块流域内钙华的沉积特征、环境化学与生物作用进行阐述,指出了雪宝顶区块流域冷水型钙华的形成与演化是化学沉积-溶解作用、生物沉积与溶蚀作用等共同作用的结果,并受非生物、生物因素影响。在雪宝顶冷水型钙华的形成过程中,微生物协同参与了钙华的沉积与溶蚀过程,通过自身新陈代谢促活动促使使钙离子结晶,并诱导晶型变化;其他生物体如植物、藻类等或以间接的方式促进或加快了钙华形成,或为钙华生长提供模板和体量。     

福建三明盆地工程地质特征

福建三明盆地工程地质条件对三明市工程建设和城市规划起决定性作用。三明盆地是个构造断陷盆地，地质构造复杂，岩土体工程地质条件复杂，应根据不同建筑场地合理规划工程建设，确定工程勘察手段及工作量，确保工程建设经济、合理及安全。     

Distribution and characteristics of volcanic reservoirs in China

About forty productive oil/gas fields hosted in volcanic reservoirs have been found since 1957 in fourteen basins of China. They can be simply subdivided into two groups, the east and the west. Reservoir volcanic rocks of the east group are predominantly composed of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rhyolite and Tertiary basalt, preferred being considered as rift type volcanics developed in the circum-Pacific tectonic regime. Those of the west are Permo-Carboniferous intermediate/basic volcanic rocks, being island-arc type ones developed in paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic regime.     

盆地形成及成矿与地幔流体间的成因联系

文中共讨论以下5个问题:(1)盆地起源于幔壳溃变和膨隆,后者是地幔流体(超临界态(>375℃)HACONS流体,简称幔汁)上涌、渗入、交代、富化、致熔的产物。地幔流体造成油气盆地深部的高热流、异常超高压、伊利水云母化、硅化和地层有机碳的加氢成油作用。(2)盆地成矿可分两大阶段,先是沉积时的同生成矿;地层沉积后还有众多的后生成矿。两者组成“盆地矿套”(杜乐天,2002)。成矿无论同生还是后生,其分布均受断裂控制,都和地幔流体活动有关。(3)黑色页岩的实质是碳-硅-泥三元岩系,和热液成矿中的碳酸盐-硅质-泥质蚀变三元完全相当。此类岩系中总是有几十种亲壳亲幔亲气元素的特殊富集。奇异的是,石油、油页岩、沥青及砂岩型铀矿彼此有完全类似的继承性元素特殊富集。此等元素群不可能都是来自盆地之外蚀源区岩体的风化。研究证明,相当多的元素是地幔流体携带上来的。(4)盆地地层中广泛发育由地幔流体衍生的热液作用。(5)盆地实质上是气盆,全盆地排气。许多气田是地幔流体排气形成的。沙漠(原地型)和天然气田的共生很值得注意,两者皆源于地球强烈排气,导致地下和大气增温,过度蒸发,不易降雨,长期干旱而形成沙漠。     

塔里木板块东南缘多坝沟金矿区花岗岩类年代学、地球化学特征及找矿意义

多坝沟金矿是近年来塔里木盆地东南缘新发现的一处具有一定规模的金矿床,矿区内出露的英云闪长岩侵入闪长岩中,金矿体主要赋存在英云闪长岩体内部的构造蚀变带中。笔者对矿区闪长岩、英云闪长岩和金矿石进行了岩石学和地球化学研究,闪长岩具有埃达克型花岗岩特征,英云闪长岩具有喜马拉雅型花岗岩特征,全岩δ18OV-SMOW‰为11.0‰~13.4‰。通过金矿石的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得具有多期峰值的变质年龄,206Pb/238U年龄值在422~1 284 Ma,这组年龄显示出闪长岩形成年龄为（497±13）Ma,英云闪长岩的形成年龄为（435.9±6.6）Ma,伴随构造热液活动的年龄,成矿年龄稍晚于英云闪长岩的年龄,矿区的2期岩浆活动与塔里木东南缘-阿尔金北缘早古生代2期主要成矿阶段一致,多坝沟金矿成矿阶段主要集中在第二阶段,表明在塔里木盆地东南缘寻找与早古生代形成的埃达克型和喜马拉雅型花岗岩有关金铜矿床具有一定的潜力。     

Sequestration of CO2 in geological media: Criteria and approach for site selection in response to climate change

The well-developed coal electricity generation and coal chemical industries have led to huge carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the northeastern Ordos Basin. The geological storage of CO₂ in saline aquifers is an effective backup way to achieve carbon neutrality. In this case, the potential of saline aquifers for CO₂ storage serves as a critical basis for subsequent geological storage project. This study calculated the technical control capacities of CO₂ of the saline aquifers in the fifth member of the Shiqianfeng Formation (the Qian-5 member) based on the statistical analysis of the logging and the drilling and core data from more than 200 wells in the northeastern Ordos Basin, as well as the sedimentary facies, formation lithology, and saline aquifer development patterns of the Qian-5 member. The results show that (1) the reservoirs of saline aquifers in the Qian-5 member, which comprise distributary channel sand bodies of deltaic plains, feature low porosities and permeabilities; (2) The study area hosts three NNE-directed saline aquifer zones, where saline aquifers generally have a single-layer thickness of 3‒8 m and a cumulative thickness of 8‒24 m; (3) The saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member have a total technical control capacity of CO₂ of 119.25 × 10⁶ t. With the largest scale and the highest technical control capacity (accounting for 61% of the total technical control capacity), the Jinjie-Yulin saline aquifer zone is an important prospect area for the geological storage of CO₂ in the saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member in the study area.     

Characteristics of China’s oil and gas pool formation in latest geological history

The structural activities took place extensively in the Asia continent during the Cenozoic era owing to the strong continent-to-continent collision and continuous compression between the India Plate and the Eurasia Plate. Huang Jiqing called such structural activities Himalayan movement. China’s sedimentary basins developed and took shape mainly during the Himalayan movement period. It is also the main period for formation and development of the oil and gas reservoirs. Of 366 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields currently found in China, 212 reservoirs were formed in the Neogene-Quaternary period. The proportion is as high as 68.2%. The oil and gas migration and accumulation in the latest geological period, which were controlled by the times, properties, styles and strength of the Himalayan movement, took place mainly in eight regions, such as the low uplift area of Bohai Sea, the onshore faulted sag area of Bohai Bay, anticlinorium zone in Daqing, the foreland fold-and-thrust belt in West China, the tilted structural zone in West China, the cratonic palaeohigh in the Tarim Basin, the zone of fault and fold belt in the East Sichuan Basin, and the biological gas zone in the East Qaidam Basin. The oil and gas pool formations in those regions have their own characteristics. With the great potential and broad prospect, those regions are the main exploration areas in China in the future.     

鄂尔多斯盆地及邻区晚石炭世本溪期构造—沉积环境及原型盆地特征

原型盆地恢复有助于盆地构造—岩相古地理的研究和揭示盆山耦合,对油气勘探与开发具有重要的指导意义。本文利用最新的钻井、测井及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,运用盆—山结合的思路,由点—线—面进行分析,重建了鄂尔多斯盆地晚石炭世本溪组沉积时期的构造—沉积环境,研究了原型盆地特征及性质。本溪组沉积期,鄂尔多斯盆地沉积具有东西分异的特征：淳化—庆阳—吴起地区及北部伊盟地区为暴露剥蚀区,东部为克拉通内坳陷盆地,西部为克拉通边缘裂陷盆地。乌达—呼鲁斯台及鄂尔多斯—神木地区发育三角洲相,并向南逐渐推进;鄂西石嘴山、环县及鄂东府谷、延安地区以环带状潮坪—泻湖相为主,受间歇性海侵影响;吴忠、柳林—吉县地区发育低能的泻湖相;中卫—中宁、韩城及以东地区发育不同深度的陆棚及开阔台地。该时期盆地构造环境表现为南北向双向俯冲、贺兰拗拉槽再活化,格局经历了南隆北倾向北隆南倾的转变。受此影响,鄂尔多斯盆地构造古地理格局开始由东西分异逐渐向南北分异转变,受东西两侧海侵影响沉积相带呈环带状展布,但在盆地北部发育潮控三角洲,表现出近缘特征。晚石炭世鄂尔多斯盆地构造—沉积环境与原型盆地特征与其对周缘大地构造运动的响应。