Comprehensive studies of solar activity on the CORONAS-F satellite

The first results of comprehensive CORONAS-F observations of solar activity are presented. The CORONAS-F instrumentation and principal scientific objectives are briefly described and examples of the first results of data reduction are given.     

Phaseless VLBI mapping of compact extragalactic radio sources

The problem of phaseless aperture synthesis is of current interest in phase-unstable VLBI with a small number of elements when either the use of closure phases is not possible (a two-element interferometer) or their quality and number are not enough for acceptable image reconstruction by standard adaptive calibration methods. Therefore, we discuss the problem of unique image reconstruction only from the spectrum magnitude of a source. We suggest an efficient method for phaseless VLBI mapping of compact extragalactic radio sources. This method is based on the reconstruction of the spectrum magnitude for a source on the entire UV plane from the measured visibility magnitude on a limited set of points and the reconstruction of the sought-for image of the source by Fienup's method from the spectrum magnitude reconstructed at the first stage. We present the results of our mapping of the extragalactic radio source 2200+420 using astrometric and geodetic observations on a global VLBI array. Particular attention is given to studying the capabilities of a two-element interferometer in connection with the putting into operation of a Russian-made radio interferometer based on Quasar RT-32 radio telescopes.     

基于光谱分类的太湖水体后向散射研究

由于时空变化而产生的水体后向散射系数参数化差异一直是影响水质参数遥感定量反演精度的一个重要因素。在对太湖遥感反射率光谱进行分类的基础上,针对影响太湖水体水色的不同主导因子,把太湖水体分为3种类型,分别利用半分析方法和光学闭合原理对后向散射系数进行模拟,在此基础上研究其光学特性及其与水体组分浓度的关系,最后针对3种不同主导类型的水体分别建立了后向散射系数参数化模型。将后向散射特性在不同时间和空间上的差异转化为水体不同主导因子在生物-光学上的差异,从而得到适用于太湖不同湖区及不同季节的后向散射系数参数化模型,为利用分析方法对太湖水质参数进行更为精确的遥感反演提供了基础。     

Characteristics of cirrus clouds and its radiative properties based on lidar observation over Chung-Li, Taiwan

In this paper, characterization of cirrus clouds are made by using data from ground based polarization lidar and radiosonde measurements over Chung-Li (24.58°N, 121.10°E), Taiwan for a period of 1999–2006. During this period, the occurrence of cirrus clouds is about 37% of the total measurement nights over the lidar site. Analysis of the measurement gives the statistical characteristics about the macrophysical properties such as occurrence height, ambient temperature, and its geometrical thickness while the microphysical properties are interpreted in terms of extinction coefficient, optical depth, effective lidar ratio and depolarization ratio. The effective lidar ratio has been retrieved by using the simulation technique of backscattered lidar signals. The effect of multiple scattering has been taken into the account by a model calculation. Summer (Jun–Aug) shows the maximum appearances of cirrus due to its formation mechanism. It is shown that tropopause cirrus clouds may occur with a probability of about 24%. These clouds are usually optically thin and having laminar in structure with some cases resembling the characteristics similar to that of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). The radiative properties of the cirrus clouds are also discussed in detail by the empirical equations with results show a positive feedback on any climate change.     

Aerosol characteristics during winter fog at Agra,North India

Simultaneous measurements on physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosols over a tropical semi-arid location, Agra in north India, were undertaken during December 2004. The average concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) increased by about 1.4 times during intense foggy/hazy days. Concentrations of SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺ and Black Carbon (BC) aerosols increased by 4, 2, 3.5 and 1.7 times, respectively during that period. Aerosols were acidic during intense foggy/hazy days but the fog water showed alkaline nature, mainly due to the neutralizing capacity of NH₄ aerosols. Trajectory analyses showed that air masses were predominantly from NW direction, which might be responsible for transport of BC from distant and surrounding local sources. Diurnal variation of BC on all days showed a morning and an evening peak that were related to domestic cooking and vehicular emissions, apart from boundary layer changes. OPAC (Optical properties of aerosols and clouds) model was used to compute the optical properties of aerosols. Both OPAC-derived and observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) values showed spectral variation with high loadings in the short wavelengths (<1 μm). AOD value at 0.5 μm wavelength was significantly high during intense foggy/hazy days (1.22) than during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days (0.63). OPAC-derived Single scattering albedo (SSA) was 0.84 during the observational period, indicating significant contribution of absorbing aerosols. However, the BC mass fraction to TSP increased by only 1% during intense foggy/hazy days and thereby did not show any impact on SSA during that period. A large increase was observed in the shortwave (SW) atmospheric (ATM) forcing during intense foggy/hazy days (+75.8 W/m²) than that during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days (+38 W/m²), mainly due to increase in absorbing aerosols. Whereas SW forcing at surface (SUF) increased from −40 W/m² during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days to −76 W/m² during intense foggy/hazy days, mainly due to the scattering aerosols like SO₄ ^2-.     

脉冲多普勒天气雷达发射功率测量技术

通过分析目前国内脉冲多普勒天气雷达发射功率的测量原理和方法,总结得到测量中的计量依据、关键因子及其影响,结合在S波段脉冲多普勒天气雷达测量工作中的实际应用情况,研究科学规范且适合台站应用的雷达发射功率测量方法、技巧和关键技术。影响雷达发射功率测量准确性的因素很多,不规范的测量方法会导致较大的功率测量误差,影响雷达探测精度。研究与掌握科学规范的雷达发射功率测量技术与方法,对保证雷达检查、测试与定标的准确性有十分重要的意义。     

论测绘仪器在促进测绘事业发展中的作用

本文主要论述了测绘仪器在促进测绘事业发展中的地位与作用，说明加快发展我国测绘仪器的必要性，同时提出了发展我国测绘仪器的建议。     

基于CLG光学流和波场分解的逆时偏移角度道集提取方法研究

角度域共成像点道集是衔接叠前地震数据与储层特征的重要桥梁,对地震偏移成像与储层描述具有重要意义.与克希霍夫偏移和单向波动方程偏移相比,逆时偏移是复杂地区最精确的成像方法.高效稳健地生成逆时偏移角度道集目前仍然是一个挑战.本文主要讨论如何采用光学流方法高效、高质量地提取角度道集.在逆时偏移波场外推过程中,光学流方法可以估计波场传播方向.其中Lucas-Kanade(LK)和Horn-Schunck(HS)方法是光学流方法中两种典型的方法.LK光学流方法是一种局部方法,该方法依赖于局部点的梯度值,但是容易出现奇异现象,HS光学流方法属于全局方法,波场方向估计依赖于整个波场,易受噪声影响,对异常值比较敏感,导致整体波场方向计算精度不高.本文提出采用局部和整体结合(Combining Local and Global,CLG)的光学流方法估计波场传播方向.该方法可以有效地提高波场方向的精度,并且简单高效,便于并行处理.对比HS光学流方法,CLG光学流方法几乎不增加额外的计算量.另外,为了弱化光学流方法无法处理波前重叠问题,本文利用解析波场和方向滤波对波场进行方向分解,仅需波场的空间傅里叶变换即可实现任意波场方向分解,将分解后的波场分别估计波场反向,提取成像结果.进一步地,在估计反射张角和方位角时,本文提出有效的归一化方法和改进的最小二乘除法,提高角度估计的精度和稳定性.最后,理论和实际资料例证了本文提出方法的有效性.     

On the extraction of extended structure from Herschel-SPIRE scanning observations in the presence of 1/f noise

We present results from a study of the impact of uncorrelated 1/ f noise on the extraction of spatial structure, on a range of scales, from sky mapping observations made using the Herschel-SPIRE (the spectral and photometric imaging receiver) photometer in the scan-map mode. These studies were carried out using a detailed instrument simulator, and the output reduced using the map-making algorithm to be implemented in the SPIRE data pipeline. The influence of source size scale, telescope-scanning rate and 1/ f noise knee frequency is investigated, and operational bounds to the expected losses are presented, using the case of zero 1/ f (white) noise as a benchmark. Both cross-linked and non-cross-linked observing options are studied. The results presented here represent the best current estimate of the sensitivity of the SPIRE photometer to emission on arbitrary scales. The data presented are general and scalable to any SPIRE observation made using the scanning mode.     

关于地平式反射望远镜的CCD平场(英文)

现有标准设计的反光望远镜在拍摄CCD平场时,绝大多数都受残留散射光的影响.但是赤道式与地平式反光镜所受影响是不同的.在赤道式上做时间序列较差测光时,只要待测星永远位于CCD的固定像元上,不太准确的CCD平场也能得到高精度的测光结果.当需要0.1%～0.3%精度的平场时,则可以采用夜天平场.地平式的特点是,它的CCD相机必须置于旋转器上,在跟踪天体时不停地旋转,以抵消地球自转的影响.上述用于赤道式的方法失效,因此,在CCD平场时,消除散射光的影响比赤道式更为重要.一个典型的地平式反光镜的例子是NAOC兴隆天文台的EOS 1米镜.虽然该台已附加了防散射光的装置,但是对所有B、V、R、I滤光片,在不同旋转器位置拍摄的CCD平场,仍然有2%～3%的差别(主要是梯度).该文给出了改进的建议,必须满足下面两个条件:Cij=C(r);旋转器的中心与反光镜的光学中心重合.此问题的解决对所有地平式反光望远镜都有普遍意义.