海底混输管线严重段塞流动的预测与控制

随着海洋油气田开发向深水海域发展,海底混输管线距离过长,且存在立管系统,容易形成严重段塞流动的现象日益严重.在严重段塞流工况下,管线的流动参数,如压降、段塞长度、段塞频率、持液率都随时间变化,并且表现为周期性变换的压力波动以及间歇出现的液塞.严重段塞流的不稳定性给油气田集输系统的设计及运行管理造成了巨大的困难.本文介绍了海底混输管线中严重段塞流动预测与控制的实验与理论研究进展,同时,对于节流、气举、分离等8类15种控制严重段塞的方法分别进行了评述,旨在为进一步开展海底油气混输管线严重段塞流动的研究提供借鉴,为工程实践提供参考.     

A new TOC,Rock-Eval,and carbon isotope record of Lower Jurassic source rocks from the Slyne Basin,offshore Ireland

This paper presents an integrated assessment of total organic carbon, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, carbonate δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O, and total organic carbon δ¹³C record of Upper Sinemurian–Aalenian age from the Slyne Basin (well 18/25-1), offshore Ireland. Total organic carbon (up to 5.2 wt%) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data highlights the Portree Shale Formation Equivalent (Lower–?Middle Toarcian) as a mature (T_max ∼440 °C) source rock dominated by type II kerogens. This interval is more than 90 m thick.In a previously unexplored paleogeographical domain regarding stable carbon isotopes, the δ¹³C record shows positive values during the Upper Sinemurian, a negative trend followed by a minor positive trend during the uppermost Sinemurian–Lower Pliensbachian, a negative trend during the lowermost Lower Toarcian, and then the return to more positive δ¹³C values. Despite the biostratigraphic uncertainty, the coarse resolution of the dataset, and the complex assessment of diagenetic effects, we suggest that the δ¹³C record of the studied well records the Raricostatum Zone positive CIE, the Sinemurian-Pliensbachian Boundary Event, and the negative CIE associated with the T-OAE. The T-OAE positive CIE is not clearly defined in the obtained dataset. The slight post T-OAE negative CIE recovery to more positive values and the continuation of a relatively high organic content is coeval with a regional organic matter preservation interval observed in several Northern-European locations.These new datasets and their interpretation add to the understanding of the paleoenvironmental dynamics during the Early–?Middle Jurassic in the Northern European domain and opens new possibilities for hydrocarbon exploration in Ireland's offshore.     

埕北油田聚合物的筛选与性能评价

埕北油田具有原油黏度高、油层渗透能力强和非均质性严重等特点,水驱开发效果差,剩余油储量大。目前,埕北油田综合含水90%,采出程度30%左右,而生产平台工作时间已达到设计使用寿命,急需高效、快速的开发技术。针对埕北油藏地质、流体性质和开发现状,利用室内仪器检测和理论分析方法,开展了聚合物筛选和聚合物性能评价,利用模糊综合评判方法对聚合物进行了优选,推荐使用中国石油大庆炼化公司生产＂抗盐＂和＂超高＂部分水解聚丙烯酰胺。     

浙江省近岸海域表层沉积物重金属分布特征及地球化学分区

对浙江省近岸海域305个表层沉积物中7种重金属的地球化学特征及主要影响因素进行了分析研究,并进行了地球化学分区。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物中7种重金属(As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn)基本上具有相同或相似的分布规律,高值区主要分布在椒江口、乐清湾、温州湾及瑞安—苍南沿海;杭州湾为低值集中分布区;象山港,璇门湾出现部分低值。其中,As、Cd、Hg和Pb在所有站位均未超标;Cr有218个站位超国家一类标准,占全区的71.5%,2个站位超国家二类标准,占全区的0.7%;Cu有90个站位超国家一类标准,占全区的29.5%;Zn有2个站位超国家一类标准;水动力条件、沉积物物质来源和沉积物类型是影响沉积物重金属含量分布的主要因素;通过R型因子分析法,将整个研究区划分为3个地球化学子区,Ⅰ区为As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn元素组合类,Ⅱ区为Hg类,Ⅲ区为Cd类。     

Salt structures in the Laizhouwan depression, offshore Bohai Bay basin, eastern China: New insights from 3D seismic data

Using the new high-quality 3D seismic data, this paper addresses the salt structures in the KL11 area of the Laizhouwan depression in the southern offshore Bohai Bay basin. In the study area, the salt in the Sha-4 Member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation thickened, and then formed an S–N trending salt wall, which changes shape regularly along its trend from salt diapir to salt pillow. The change in thickness of the suprasalt layers record five growth phases of the salt wall from the Eocene to the Quaternary: (1) early diapirism, (2) active diapirism, (3) passive diapirism, (4) relative structural quiescence, and (5) arching. The evolution of the salt structures was mostly governed by the multi-phase compression induced by the dextral strike-slip of the Tan–Lu fault, which formed a restraining bend in the study area. There was an original passive stock in the south, which was later tectonically squeezed by E–W compression and became a diapir. As the shortening propagated to the north from the original stock, the salt pillow was created in the north. Relative structural quiescence then followed until the next phase of compression, which arched the thick roof of the salt wall.     

Jacked model pile shafts in offshore calcareous soils

Abstract

This paper describes the results of laboratory tests carried out on model pile shafts in a variety of reconstituted calcareous sands and on silica sand. The factors influencing both the skin friction under static loading and the degradation of skin friction under cyclic loading have been investigated. The grading and crushability of the particles appears to have a significant influence on both, with less favourable performance being found for uniformly graded crushable particles. Relative density and overconsolidation ratio also have some influence.

Under cyclic loading, the amplitude of cyclic displacement and, more specifically, the cyclic slip displacement, influence the extent of cyclic degradation of skin friction.     

Design and functions of floating architecture – a review

Abstract

Floating facilities such as, floating islands, floating houses, industries and, entire cities are constructions for habitation, entertainment, industrial or commercial purposes, and infrastructures are built to float on fresh- or seawater. They can be floating on air-filled or light materials. Recent developments in the ocean show a trend of offshore constructions, which can be situated above deeper waters, further offshore. These can replace the development of reclaimed lands close to shore. Floating architecture provides certain advantages for the planning of sustainable design, such as: (a) a number of viable responses to the problem of rising sea level, (b) much-needed space replacing the lack of land for agriculture, for housing, and for commercial growth, (c) the creation of new and innovative tourist destinations, (d) a much smaller ecological footprint than land-based constructions, (e) the extension of city centers that are built near the coast; (f) the possibility of green planning at an unclaimed plot. We present here a review of existing floating architecture with different functions, from housing, entertainment, and food production to industrial purposes such as wind parks and desalinization plants.     

The Bremen ocean bottom tiltmeter (OBT) – a technical article on a new instrument to monitor deep sea floor deformation and seismicity level

The Bremen ocean bottom tiltmeter is a new 6000 m-depth deep sea instrument for autonomous observation of sea floor tilt with signal periods longer than 7.5 s. The instrument also records vertical acceleration in the frequency range from DC to 1 Hz. The tiltmeter has an Applied Geomechanics Inc. 756 wide angle biaxial bubble tilt sensor with a resolution of 1.0μ rad (0.2 arc second). A Kistler Corp. MEMS accelerometer of type Servo K-Beam 8330A2.5 with about 10⁻⁵m/s² resolution is used for the acceleration measurements. An Oceanographic Embedded Systems AD24 24 bit Sigma-Delta converter, which is controlled by a low-power Persistor Inc. embedded computer system of type CF 2, samples the data. The duration of tiltmeter operation is more than one year, which is controlled by the battery life. In our design the tiltmeter does not need active leveling devices, i.e., servo motors or other moving components to adjust sensors or frame. We designed the instrument for deployments by means of a remote operated vehicle. Since May 2005 the Bremen ocean bottom tiltmeter has recorded sea floor deformation and seismicity level in the Logatchev hydrothermal vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The tiltmeter is a part of the monitoring system of project ‘Logatchev Long-Term Environmental Monitoring,’ called LOLEM, of the German research program with the name ‘Schwerpunktprogramm 1144: Vom Mantel zum Ozean.’     

Recent contributions of geotechnical centrifuge modelling to the understanding of jack-up spudcan behaviour

The paper presents an overview of the recent contributions of centrifuge modelling to the understanding of soil-structure interaction and the development of design and predictive methods in the field of mobile jack-up drilling rig foundations. Both advantages and limitations of the centrifuge methods are detailed and key examples are presented. The benefits provided by centrifuge modelling to the development of analysis methods that are now being used within the jack-up industry are highlighted. To conclude, industry trends and research opportunities are discussed, as is the possible role of the geotechnical centrifuge in finding solutions to these new needs.     

Weather routing for offshore transportation using genetic algorithm

Conventional weather routing is defined as determining the optimum route for a merchant ship such that distance or duration of the voyage and fuel consumption are minimized. If the purpose of a voyage is offshore transfer, the term “optimum” includes aspects of operational safety such as towing tension and six-degree motion response of tow. This paper presents the development of a weather routing method for determining the optimal route, which is defined here as the route with minimum average towing tension with a restricted time of arrival and significant motion response. A genetic algorithm is applied to solve optimization problems. Optimized routes of this research have an advantage in towing tension and satisfy motion constraints. The result of this study can contribute to safe and effective planning for offshore transport.