Numerical modeling of tide-surge interaction along Orissa coast of India

The Orissa coast of India is one of the most vulnerable regions of extreme sea levels associated with severe tropical cyclones. There was extensive loss of life and property due to the October 1999 super cyclone, which devastated large part of the Orissa coast. The shallow nature of the head bay, presence of a large number of deltas formed by major rivers of Orissa such as Mahanadi and Dhamra, and high tidal range are responsible for storm surge flooding in the region. Specifically, rising and falling tidal phases influence the height, duration, and arrival time of peak surge along the coast. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the tide-surge interaction during the 1999 Orissa cyclone by using nonlinear vertically integrated numerical models. The pure tidal solution for the head bay region of the Bay of Bengal provides the initial condition for the fine resolution nested grid Orissa model. However, the feedback from the Orissa model does not affect the head bay model as the study provides a one-way interaction. Numerical experiments are performed to study the tide-surge interaction by considering various relative phases of the tidal waves with the surge-wave produced by 1999 Orissa cyclone. The comparison, although utilizing only the limited estimates of tidal data, appears adequate to assert that the principal features are reproduced correctly.     

Soil erosion susceptibility assessment and validation using a geostatistical multivariate approach: a test in Southern Sicily

A certain number of studies have been carried out in recent years that aim at developing and applying a model capable of assessing water erosion of soil. Some of these have tried to quantitatively evaluate the volumes of soil loss, while others have focused their efforts on the recognition of the areas most prone to water erosion processes. This article presents the results of a research whose objective was that of evaluating water erosion susceptibility in a Sicilian watershed: the Naro river basin. A geomorphological study was carried out to recognize the water erosion landforms and define a set of parameters expressing both the intensity of hydraulic forces and the resistance of rocks/soils. The landforms were mapped and classified according to the dominant process in landsurfaces affected by diffuse or linear water erosion. A GIS layer was obtained by combining six determining factors (bedrock lithology, land use, soil texture, plan curvature, stream power index and slope-length factor) in unique conditions units. A geostatistical multivariate approach was applied by analysing the relationships between the spatial distributions of the erosion landforms and the unique condition units. Particularly, the density of eroded area for each combination of determining factors has been calculated: such function corresponds, in fact, to the conditional probability of erosion landforms to develop, under the same geoenvironmental conditions. In light of the obtained results, a general geomorphologic model for water erosion in the Naro river basin can be depicted: cultivated areas in clayey slopes, having fine-medium soil texture, are the most prone to be eroded; linear or diffuse water erosion processes dominate where the topography is favourable to a convergent or divergent runoff, respectively. For each of the two erosion process types, a susceptibility map was produced and submitted to a validation procedure based on a spatial random partition strategy. Both the success of the validation procedure of the susceptibility models and the geomorphological coherence of the relationships between factors and process that such models suggest, confirm the reliability of the method and the goodness of the predictions.     

Environmental hydrogeology of the southern sector of the Samborombon Bay wetland,Argentina

The Samborombon Bay wetland is located on the west margin of the Rio de la Plata estuary, in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. This paper analyses the geological, geomorphologic, soil and vegetation characteristics of the southernmost sector of this wetland and their influence on surface water and groundwater. The study area presents three hydrologic units: coastal dunes, sand sheets and coastal plain. Coastal dunes and sand sheets are recharge zones of high permeability with well-drained, non-saline soils, and a few surface water flows. Changes in the water table are related to rainfall. Groundwater in coastal dunes is Ca–Mg–HCO₃ to Na–HCO₃, and of low salinity (590 mg/l). Groundwater in sand sheets is mainly Na–HCO₃ with a salinity of about 1,020 mg/l. The coastal plain exhibits medium to low permeability sediments, with submerged saline soils poorly drained. Groundwater is Na–Cl with a mean salinity of 16,502 mg/l. A surface hydrological network develops in the coastal plain. Surface water levels near the shoreline are affected by tidal fluctuations; far from the shoreline water accumulates because of poor drainage. Both sectors have Na–Cl water, but the former is more saline. Human intervention and sea level rise may affect the wetland severely.     

新疆准噶尔盆地西北缘吐谷鲁群沉积体系分析

根据在新疆准噶尔盆地西北缘乌尔禾-夏子街地区的野外地层露头观察、追索及钻孔资料分析研究,笔者认为,该区下白垩统吐谷鲁群是一套以灰绿色砂岩和红色、棕红色泥岩组成的干燥气候条件下形成的内陆湖相碎屑沉积,发育浅水三角洲体系,主要由三角洲平原和三角洲前缘相组成.吐谷鲁群碎屑岩的碎屑粒度由下而上可分为两个大的韵律旋回,即粗-细-粗-细,反映了水体扩展到萎缩再扩展的过程.有利铀成矿的砂岩层主要集中在两个韵律旋回的底部,形成于三角洲平原分流河道、决口扇、三角洲前缘水下分流河道和水下堤环境.     

印支运动的沉积学响应——以湖北秭归盆地中、上三叠统为例

通过对秭归盆地南缘中、上三叠统巴东组和沙镇溪组地层剖面的实测及1∶10万秭归幅地质填图发现,中三叠统巴东组在秭归盆地东南缘存在不同程度的缺失,秭归郭家坝一带,只沉积巴东组一段、二段地层。秭归楠家湾一带,整个巴东组全部缺失,上三叠统沙镇溪组直接覆盖于早三叠世嘉陵江组之上。而秭归盆地西缘沙镇溪、巴东麂子岩一带,巴东组发育齐全。上述现象表明,在早三叠世末期,由于印支运动的影响,巴东组地层出现了较大差异。沙镇溪组在沉积上继承了巴东组高低不平的古地貌特征,沉积厚度变化较大。上三叠统沙镇溪组与中统巴东组之间,在盆地不同的部位可呈现出整合或平行不整合的接触关系,而不存在断层接触关系。     

川西前陆盆地中—新生代沉积迁移与构造转换

川西前陆盆地中—新生代各构造层的残余厚度展布和沉积特征分析发现,四川克拉通周缘的前陆盆地在晚三叠世时期发育于龙门山山前,明显属于龙门山褶皱逆冲构造载荷所形成的前渊凹陷;侏罗纪早期的沉积地层呈面状分布,没有表现出显著的挠曲沉降,指示了一个构造相对平静的阶段;中侏罗世早期前渊凹陷迁移至龙门山北段和米仓山山前,前渊沉积从晚三叠世的北东向转换为近东西向,广泛的湖泊相沉积预示了前陆盆地的欠充填状态;中侏罗世中晚期,川西盆地沉降中心又迁移到大巴山山前,相应的挠曲变形又从近东西向转化为北西向,构成了大巴山的前渊凹陷;晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期,沉降中心再次回到米仓山山前,巨厚的前渊凹陷沉积指示了米仓山冲断带的主要活动时期;白垩纪末—古近纪的前渊凹陷则跃迁至雅安—名山地区。川西前陆盆地的同造山沉降中心以四川盆地中心为核心在西部和北部呈弧形迁移,沉积序列不断更替和叠加。中生界各构造层底界构造图显示现今的构造低部位位于川西北地区和川西南地区,在川西北地区均有东西走向的等值线分布,而川西南地区等值线走向则为北东-南西向。因此分析认为,晚侏罗世至早白垩世的构造变形可能控制了川西盆地现今的地层变形,形成了川西北地区的南北向构造挤压结构,而晚期的新生代构造变形则主要体现在川西盆地的西南部,形成北东-南西向的地层展布特征。     

敦化盆地上侏罗统-上新统地层划分对比讨论

利用野外资料、地震资料、煤田钻孔资料以及古生物资料,对松辽盆地外围探区敦化盆地的代表性地层划分方案进行了梳理,通过敦化盆地与周缘盆地之间的对比和分析,得出下列认识:(1)明确了珲春组的时代为始新世—渐新世;(2)指出白垩系上统龙井组地层在敦化盆地内可能是不存在的;(3)将原帽儿山组上段和下段分别划归泉水村组和长财组;(4)认为大砬子组、泉水村组、长财组和屯田营组在敦化盆地内是存在的,并通过盆间岩性地层和古生物地层对比指出大砬子组的时代可能为早白垩世阿普特期(Aptian)—阿尔布期(Albian),长财组时代可能为早白垩世贝利阿斯期—阿普特期;(5)对敦化盆地内几个地方地层名称的使用进行了修正;(6)建立了敦化盆地内目前可供参考使用的地层序列。     

内蒙古西河盆地新近纪“红土”记录的沉积环境

笔者从岩性地层、孢粉组合、地层对比等方面,对西河盆地红层的地层时代与沉积环境,进行深入的研究和探讨并追朔其地质演化历程。本区首次发现的孢粉组合是以草本植物蒿属为优势种,松、胡桃及禾本科为次优势种的疏林灌丛草原,其中胡桃属、榆属为典型的古—新近纪属种。根据岩性特征及生物特征综合分析研究,认为西河盆地“红土”地层属于新近系上新统宝格达拉组（N2b）,地层层序类型在平面上体现出从盆地边缘到中心沉积环境由河流、冲积扇、三角洲到湖泊的变化规律。     

辽西义县组叶肢介化石在冀北滦平盆地西瓜园组中的系统发现及其意义

冀北滦平县西瓜园南李营剖面是西瓜园组的命名剖面,自下而上可划分为西瓜园组一至四段,为一套单一岩相的沉积岩。在火斗山乡马圈子,西瓜园组以一层水下分流河道砾岩与其下伏大店子组四段为连续沉积,拉海沟马圈子剖面为西瓜园组与大店子组的界线层型。西瓜园组自下而上可连续划分为5个叶肢介化石带,与辽西义县组尖山沟层、老公沟层一金刚山层的叶肢介组合完全可以对比．义县阶的单位层型应以西瓜园组为层型剖面,原定义县阶的单位层型马神庙一宋八户标准地层剖面仅能作为义县阶的副层型。由于辽西义县组尖山沟层至金刚山层的叶肢介化石在冀北西瓜园组中的系统发现,冀北地区西瓜园组与辽西义县组完全可以对比,从而解决了30余年来冀北辽西晚期中生代地层的对比问题,具有重要的地层意义。     

RTK技术在杭州湾跨海大桥桥位地形测绘中的应用

介绍了RTK技术在杭州湾跨海大桥桥位地形测绘中的应用,并对其定位结果进行了精度比较与分析,结果表明:RTK定位测量的点位精度可达厘米级,各点位之间不存在误差积累,与全站仪等测量手段取得的结果符合得较好,可以用来代替二三级导线控制测量和等外水准等测量方法;流动站与基准站的距离在10km范围以内时,应用RTK技术对近岸水下地形进行测量具有方便、快捷、精度高等特点,但当此距离超过10km时,其精度则难以保证。杭州湾跨海大桥施工时应用RTK技术进行定位、高程测量,可提高工作效率和成果的质量。