基于南海观测平台的海-气界面CO_2通量研究

利用南海北部的海上综合观测平台,开展了基于涡相关方法的海-气界面CO2通量的长期观测,得到了2010年9月至2012年9月近2年的海-气界面CO2通量数据,结果分析表明,观测平台附近海域全年表现为一个碳汇,年平均值为-0.088 mg m-2s-1,存在明显的季节变化规律,秋冬季节海洋表现为一个强碳汇,春季海洋依然是一个碳汇,但强度明显减弱,而夏季海洋呈现不稳定的源汇变化特征;从日周期特征上看,夜间通量强度较强,白天减弱;进一步的分析表明,海上风和大气稳定性对海-气界面CO2通量有明显的贡献。     

Carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an urban residential area in Seoul,Korea

The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.     

大气CO2浓度变化与全球气候变化关系初步探讨

2007年IPCC公布的第四次评估报告AR4指出：过去50a观测到的地球平均温度升高很可能（90％以上）是由人类活动引起的,其中主要是人类活动引起的温室气体排放的增加．而地质气候记录证明,早在人类排放能够影响大气以前的CO2浓度变化均不同程度地滞后于气温变化．地质时期CO2浓度的波动是跟随气候变化而变化,是被大气温度驱动的结果,而非相反的CO,驱动温度变化．将现在全球变暖完全归因于人类排放CO2的增加,无法解释1940-1978年的降温事件．通过更长尺度的对比研究可以发现,现在气候是处于全新世变干变冷的大趋势之中,即使现在全球略有变暖,也只是处于变干变冷大趋势中的次级变暖波动．将近代全球气候变暖片面夸大归因于人类活动排放温室气体,而忽略了自然因素的贡献,其依据显得缺乏科学说服力,其做法不免有些令人担忧．     

Development Of City Size Distributions For The Egyptian Urban System, 1897–1960 1

Two scenarios of CO₂-induced climatic change and projections of population and consumptive use of water to the year 2035 are utilized in a climate impact assessment of future water resources in the Great Lakes basin. When expressed as a streamflow/population index, results indicate a sharp decline of this index. Future index values are projected to be similar to those presently recorded for the Colorado River basin.     

应用于地震预测的遥感气体地球化学

利用卫星高光谱技术可以监测到大震前后地下气体释放引起的气体地球化学异常。利用AIRS标准产品数据中CO和O3月平均数据构建全球9年(2003—2011年)平均CO月背景场和O3月背景场,运用差值法(地震发生当年数据—背景场数据)开展震例研究。通过调研全球自2003年以来7级以上震例,系统地进行2003年以来全球7级以上地震的震例分析,对典型震例进行分析,总结CO和O3时空异常特征。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000394

High-grade dehydration of amphibolite-facies rocks to granulite-facies is a process that can involve partial melting,fluid-aided solid-state dehydration,or varying degrees of both.On the localized meter scale,solid-state dehydration,due to CO₂-rich fluids traveling along some fissure or crack and subsequently outwards along the mineral grain boundaries of the surrounding rock,normally is the means by which the breakdown of biotite and amphibole to orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene occur.Various mineral textures and changes in mineral chemistry seen in these rocks are also seen in more regional orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-bearing rocks which,along with accompanying amphibolite-facies rocks, form traverses of lower crust.This suggests that solid-state dehydration during high-grade metamorphism could occur on a more regional scale.The more prominent of these fluid-induced textures in the granulitefacies portion of the traverse take the form of micro-veins of K-feldspar along quartz grain boundaries and the formation of monazite inclusions in fluorapatite.The fluids believed responsible take the form of concentrated NaCl- and KC1- brines from a basement ultramafic magma heat source traveling upwards along grain boundaries.Additional experimental work involving CaSO₄ dissolution in NaCl-brines. coupled with natural observation of oxide and sulfide mineral associations in granulite-facies rocks,have demonstrated the possibility that NaCl-brines,with a CaSO₄ component,could impose the oxygen fugacity on these rocks as opposed to the oxygen fugacity being inherent in their protoliths.These results, taken together,lend credence to the idea that regional chemical modification of the lower crust is an evolutionary process controlled by fluids migrating upwards from the lithospheric mantle along grain boundaries into and through the lower crust where they both modify the rock and are modified by it. Their presence allows for rapid mass and heat transport and subsequent mineral genesis and mineral reequilibration in the rocks through which they pass.     

始新世—渐新世气候转变研究进展

始新世—渐新世（E—O）气候转变（34 Ma前后）是新生代气候演化过程中最显著的变冷事件之一,标志着地球气候由“温室”进入“冰室”。这一转变伴随着地球环境的一系列重大变化,对于研究新生代气候变冷的驱动机制、区域气候对全球重大气候事件的响应方式、重大气候事件对生态环境及生物演替的影响等具有重要意义。近年来地质记录和气候模拟在E—O转变研究上取得了一系列重要进展：①不同纬度区的地质记录揭示出这一转变伴随着全球性的显著降温,指示其触发因素是全球性的;②气候模拟研究揭示出大气CO2浓度降低及与之联系的全球碳循环变化是导致这一转变的主因,否定了传统认为的环南极流形成导致E—O气候变冷的假说;③深海沉积记录揭示出这一转变过程持续400～500 ka,表现为全球降温和南极冰盖形成先后两阶段变化;④海—陆气候记录的对比初步揭示出陆地区域的干旱化可能主要与全球降温（对应于E—O转变的第一阶段）相关。当前对E—O气候转变的研究还存在地质记录分辨率不够高、模拟结果与地质记录不完全吻合、陆地记录相对较少等方面的不足。更精确的大气CO2浓度和温度的重建、更多高分辨率海—陆气候记录的研究以及古气候数值模拟的改进有望进一步揭示出E—O转变过程中气候系统各要素的变化特征和相互关系,为更深入认识这一转变的驱动机制提供依据。     

A GIS approach to modelling CO2 emissions associated with the pupil-school commute

Concerns have been raised in numerous countries over declining rates of active transport to school. In a UK context, the pupil-school commute is estimated to contribute around 658 kilotonnes of CO₂ per year; however, tackling this issue effectively requires an improved understanding of how emissions can be modelled and mapped over a variety of scales. This paper implements a new estimation technique for the modelling of CO₂ emissions linked with the school commute that integrates both transport network-level routing and geographically disaggregate vehicle emissions data. The model is then applied to a national cohort of pupils in England. Areas demonstrating the highest emissions were typically more rural and/or comprising more affluent resident populations. Emissions were also shown to increase with school year, with larger step changes between educational stages reflecting the different geography of school locations. Furthermore, where secondary school entry policies were selective or based on a religious domination, average emissions were typically higher than in non-selective schools.     

南北极区冬春季节大气平流层CO次峰现象

ACE-FTS（加拿大“大气化学实验”的傅里叶变换光谱仪）和Aura-MLS（美国Aura卫星的微波临边探测器）卫星CO观测资料的分析结果显示,南北半球极区大气平流层中部,于当地冬末春初季节存在明显的CO浓度垂直分布次峰值现象。应用观测密度较大、范围覆盖较广的Aura-MLS卫星资料,通过对冬春季节极区CO浓度的季节内变化进行分析后发现,冬季来自大气中间层富含CO的空气能够逐渐下沉并进入到平流层中部,在冬末春初时节,平流层上部的CO浓度快速下降,而平流层中部的CO浓度变化则较慢,从而使大气平流层中CO浓度呈现悬球状的空间分布结构,卫星观测廓线资料分析结果则呈现出次峰值现象。相应的同化气象数据MERRA的风场资料和Aura-MLS卫星观测OH资料分析结果表明,垂直输送的减弱、水平交换的加强和OH浓度的回升可能是导致平流层上部CO浓度快速减少的原因,而在平流层中部极低的OH浓度以及极弱的水平交换使CO保持较长的化学寿命,并使这一现象得以从晚冬维持到春季。     

Variation Trend and Characteristics of Anthropogenic CO Column Content in the Atmosphere over Beijing and Moscow

The anthropogenic CO column content in the atmosphere is derived from measurements with infrared grating spectrometers in Beijing, China, and Moscow, Russia, during 1992-2012. Some specific variation char- acteristics and long-term variation trends of the CO col- umn content in the atmosphere in these regions are dis- cussed. An evident variation trend of anthropogenic CO in the atmosphere for the Beijing region is not observed during 1992-2012, while for the Moscow region, it de- creases yearly by about 1.4% for the same period. High CO concentrations appear quite frequently in Beijing, but much less frequently in Moscow, except during the natu- ral fire events in summer 2010. From back trajectory analysis, the high CO concentration observed in Beijing can be attributed to the intensive CO emission sources in its surrounding areas.