华南地区中生代以来岩石圈伸展及其与铀成矿关系研究的若干问题

华南地区中生代以来存在大规模的岩石圈伸展作用,与伸展作用相对应,形成了大量花岗岩型、火山岩型和碳硅泥岩型铀矿床。文章详细总结了华南中生代以来岩石圈伸展作用和铀成矿作用的研究进展。通过系统分析,认为要深刻揭示岩石圈伸展与区域铀成矿的关系,至少尚有两大重要科学问题未解决:其一是华南白垩纪—第三纪岩石圈伸展和铀成矿的准确期次及其空间迁移规律;其二为岩石圈伸展期铀成矿的必然性或铀为什么会集中在岩石圈伸展期成矿。要解决第一个问题,需要对铀矿床和岩石圈伸展期形成的基性脉岩开展系统的高精度定年工作;要解决第二个问题,则需要系统研究成矿流体中CO2等气体组分在铀成矿中的作用及其成因。     

数值模拟在CO2地质封存示范项目中的应用

CO2深部咸水层地质封存被认为是减缓温室效应的一种有效的工程技术手段。针对神华鄂尔多斯105 t/a CO2捕集与封存(CCS)示范项目,用数值模拟方法对CO2在地层中的运移过程进行了详细地刻画,分析了CO2的流动迁移、地层压力积聚过程及地层封存潜力。数值模型不但可以为工程的顺利进行提供技术支撑,而且可以节省人力财力。首先,根据实际监测数据对模拟参数进行校准,得到了合适的压力拟合曲线,确定了主要的水文地质参数。然后,对为期3 a的CO2续注工程进行预测,详细分析了CO2的晕扩散、溶解情况、地层压力变化情况、储层封存潜力等。得到如下结论：CO2在3 a内的最大迁移距离约为350 m;水裂可以有效提高CO2的注入性;隔离层能有效防止CO2逃逸。研究表明,尽管鄂尔多斯盆地属于低渗咸水层仍然能够有效安全地封存CO2。     

气候变化背景下海-气CO_2通量获取方法综述

综述了国内外海-气CO2通量测量和估算方法的研究进展,对各方法的原理、应用及优缺点做了简要介绍,着重介绍了海洋碳循环数值模式的研究现状、原理方法等,并对海-气CO2通量研究的发展趋势作了展望。     

Did the Turonian–Coniacian plume pulse trigger subduction initiation in the Northern Caribbean? Constraints from 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Moa-Baracoa metamorphic sole (eastern Cuba)

The Güira de Jauco metamorphic sole, below the Moa-Baracoa ophiolite (eastern Cuba), contains strongly deformed amphibolites formed at peak metamorphic conditions of 650–660°C, approximately 8.6 kbar (~30 km depth). The geochemistry, based on immobile elements of the amphibolites, suggests oceanic lithosphere protholiths with a variable subduction component in a supra-subduction zone environment. The geochemical similarity and tectonic relations among the amphibolites and the basic rocks from the overlying ophiolite suggest a similar origin and protholith. New hornblende ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages of 77–81 Ma obtained for the amphibolites agree with this hypothesis, and indicate formation and cooling/exhumation of the sole in Late Cretaceous times. The cooling ages, geochemical evidence for a back-arc setting of formation of the mafic protoliths, and regional geology of the region allow proposal of the inception of a new SW-dipping subduction zone in the back-arc region of the northern Caribbean arc during the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90–85 Ma). Subduction inception was almost synchronous with the main plume pulse of the Caribbean–Colombian Oceanic Plateau (92–88 Ma) and occurred around 15 million years before arc-continent collision (75 Ma–Eocene) at the northern leading edge of the Caribbean plate. This chronological framework suggests a plate reorganization process in the region triggered by the Caribbean–Colombian mantle plume.     

利用水化学方法识别岩溶水文系统中的径流

通过暴雨中的野外观测,确认了桂林丫吉试验场S31泉岩溶水文系统中多种径流形式：表层岩溶带管道流、回归流、坡面流和壤中流。现场测量发现不同形式径流的水化学特征(pH、电导率、Ca²⁺、HCO^-₃)存在差异,Ca²⁺的质量浓度相差最大可以达到3倍。从CaCO₃-H₂O-CO₂平衡体系来看,CO₂分压（p_CO2）对径流的水化学特征具有控制作用。在大气p_CO2影响下的岩溶水矿化度较低,而土壤空气p_CO2达到2.7%,是大气的近百倍,其影响的径流矿化度较高。鉴于大气中和土壤中p_CO2的显著差异,从水化学特征上将径流分为2类,并且认为它们构成了系统出口洪水的2个主要来源。在此基础上利用水化学方法计算出S31岩溶泉洪水时的径流构成。结果表明,在暴雨的情形,由大气p_CO2环境产生形成的岩溶水的比例占到泉水总量的70%,进一步证明了快速流在岩溶水中的重要作用。     

Carbonyl sulfide emissions from biomass burning in the tropics

Carbonyl sulfide emissions from biomass burning have been studied during field experiments conducted both in an African savanna area (Ivory Coast) and rice fields, central highland pine forest and savanna areas in Viet-Nam. During these experiments CO₂, CO and C₂H₂ or CH₄ have also been also monitored. COS values range from 0.6 ppbv outside the fires to 73 ppbv in the plumes. Significant correlations have been observed between concentrations of COS and CO (R ²=0.92,n=25) and COS and C₂H₂ (R ²=0.79,n=26) indicating a COS production during the smoldering combustion. COS/CO₂ emission factors (COS/CO₂) during field experiments ranged from 1.2 to 61×10^–6 (11.4×10^–6 mean value). COS emission by biomass burning was estimated to be up to 0.05 Tg S/yr in tropics and up to 0.07 Tg S/yr on a global basis, contributing thus about 10% to the global COS flux. Based on the S/C ratio measured in the dry plant biomass and the COS/CO₂ emission factor, COS can account for only about 7% of the sulfur emitted in the atmosphere by biomass burning.     

海洋二氧化碳的研究进展

海洋是一个巨大的碳库,具有潜在的缓冲大气CO2增加的能力,研究CO2在海洋中的转移和归宿,对于预测未来大气CO2含量乃至全球气候变化具有重要意义。综述了海洋CO2的研究现状,着重介绍海洋CO2的源与汇、海—气CO2通量的估算以及海洋环流、生物泵和海洋生态在海洋碳循环中的作用,并对该研究领域的发展趋势进行了总结。     

Assessment and determinants of per capita household CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions (PHCEs) based on capital city level in China

Household CO₂ emissions were increasing due to rapid economic growth and different household lifestyle. We assessed per capita household CO₂ emissions (PHCEs) based on different household consuming demands (including clothing, food, residence, transportation and service) by using provincial capital city level survey data in China. The results showed that: (1) there was a declining trend moving from eastward to westward as well as moving from northward to southward in the distribution of PHCEs. (2) PHCEs from residence demand were the largest which accounted for 44% of the total. (3) Correlation analysis and spatial analysis (Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and Spatial Error Model (SEM)) were used to evaluate the complex determinants of PHCEs. Per capita income (PI) and household size (HS) were analyzed as the key influencing factors. We concluded that PHCEs would increase by 0.2951% and decrease by 0.5114% for every 1% increase in PI and HS, respectively. According to the results, policy-makers should consider household consuming demand, income disparity and household size on the variations of PHCEs. The urgency was to improve technology and change household consuming lifestyle to reduce PHCEs.     

Influence of HITRAN Database Updates on Retrievals of Atmospheric CO2 from Near-Infrared Spectra

The line-transition parameters of the High Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) 2008 database have been updated relative to previous editions. The transmission spectra and sensitivity to changes in CO2 concentrations using line parameters from the HITRAN 2004 and HITRAN 2008 databases are compared to evaluate the effect of the database updates on retrievals of carbon dioxide vertical columns from nearinfrared reflected sunlight. This comparison is done in three spectral regions covering the 2.06-, 1.61-, and 1.58-μm CO2bands used by the Greenhouse Gases Observatory Satellite (GOSAT) instrument and the planned successor to the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO). The updates to the HITRAN database have the largest effects on the transmittance and the off-line to on-line transmittance ratio in the 2.06-μm region and the smallest effects on these parameters in the 1.58-μm region. The influence of the updates to the HITRAN database on the off-line to on-line ratio calculation in the narrow spectral region 4855-4880 cm-1 could be equivalent to a change in CO2 of more than 50 ppmv. Use of the HITRAN 2004 database will lead to an underestimate of the column CO2abundance in the 2.06- and 1.61-μm spectral regions, whereas it will lead to an overestimate of the column CO2abundance in the 1.58-μm spectral region.     

西藏冈底斯矿带南缘矽卡岩型铜矿床含矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

西藏冈底斯矿带发育大量斑岩铜钼矿床及铜铅锌多金属矿床,形成斑岩铜矿带及多金属矿带。过去的工作表明,冈底斯带南部矿床同位素年龄多小于30Ma,形成于碰撞期后伸展环境。本文测定了冈底斯矿带南缘克鲁-冲木达矽卡岩型铜(金、钼)矿集区桑布加拉矽卡岩型铜(金)矿化岩体锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄及锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值。矿化岩体锆石U-Pb年龄:92.1±0.6Ma,MSWD=1.0,锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值在90～562之间,平均值为287。锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值和玉龙矿带含矿岩体锆石的比值基本一致,显示矽卡岩矿化岩体岩浆氧逸度较高。印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞时间在65～45Ma之间,桑布加拉矽卡岩型铜矿化岩体锆石U-Pb年龄表明冈底斯带不但发育碰撞期后大规模成矿作用,也发育与洋壳俯冲构造岩浆事件有关的成矿作用。这为冈底斯矿带洋壳俯冲有关矿床的寻找提供了依据。