赣南淘锡坑钨矿床云英岩中含CO2包裹体的发现及意义

淘锡坑矿床是赣南地区一大型黑钨矿矿床,为揭示成矿流体的早期演化特征,深入认识钨元素的富集机制,本文对淘锡坑钨矿床云英岩中流体和熔体包裹体进行了岩相学、激光拉曼光谱和显微测温研究。结果表明,云英岩中的流体包裹体可以划分为富液相两相水溶液包裹体、富气相含CO_2水溶液包裹体和纯气相包裹体三类,流体为中—高温、低盐度、低密度的NaCl-H_2O-CO_2-CH_4体系。熔体包裹体主要由钠长石、石英、少量流体相和气相组成,气相部分含有CH_4和微量CO_2。在岩浆热液演化早期阶段,流体氧化还原条件可能发生了改变,发生了CH_4到CO_2的转变,致使流体中CO_2含量增高。在流体演化过程中发生的以CO_2散逸为特征的流体不混溶作用可能是淘锡坑钨矿床形成的重要机制。CO_2对于钨元素的迁移和富集具有重要作用,CO_2的散逸是诱发黑钨矿沉淀富集的重要因素之一。     

CO2地质封存中储层流体压力演化规律的解析模型

为使解析模型可以更加科学准确地描述储层中多相流体的迁移机制与压力演化规律,提高解析计算与分析的精度。首先将储层中的流场划分为3个区域,然后根据渗流体积守恒方程反演储层中两相流体混合渗流区的各相流体饱和度,进而将总流度直接引入到达西公式中得到了一个适用于两相流的广义达西公式,据此推导出了一个更为精确的表征储层流体压力演化规律的解析模型。最后,通过案例分析,将该解析模型的计算结果与既有文献的显式积分解及TOUGH2/ECO2N的数值解进行对比,验证了该模型的可靠性及相比于既有文献的显式积分解在计算精度方面的优越性。此外,计算结果也表明,该解析模型虽然是在稳态流的假定条件下得到的,但对于实际储层流体压力演化的全过程均具有很强的表征能力,这主要归因于该模型可科学准确地确定饱和度,因此,可以在工程中推广应用。     

Geology,geochemistry and petrogenesis of post-collisional adakitic intrusions and related dikes in the Khoynarood area,NW Iran

The Khoynarood area is located in the northwest of Iran, lying at the northwestern end of the Urumieh–Dokhtar volcano-plutonic belt and being part of the Qaradagh–South Armenia domain. The main intrusive rocks outcropped in the area have compositions ranging from monzonite–quartz monzonite, through granodiorite, to diorite–hornblende diorite, accompanied by several dikes of diorite–quartz diorite and hornblende diorite compositions, which were geochemically studied in order to provide further data and evidence for the geodynamic setting of the region. The SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and MgO contents of these rocks are about 58.32–68.12%, 14.13–18.65% and 0.68–4.27%, respectively. They are characterized by the K₂O/Na₂O ratio of 0.26–0.58, Fe₂O₃ + MnO + MgO + TiO₂ content about 4.27–13.13%, low Y (8–17 ppm) and HREE (e.g., 1–2 ppm Yb) and high Sr contents (750–1330 ppm), as well as high ratios of Ba/La (13.51–50.96), (La/Yb)_N (7–22), Sr/Y (57.56–166.25), Rb/La (1.13–2.96) and La/Yb (10–33.63), which may testify to the adakitic nature of these intrusions. Their chemical composition corresponds to high-silica adakites, displaying enrichments of LREEs and LILEs and preferential depletion of HFSEs, (e.g., Ti, Ta and Nb). The REE differentiation pattern and the low HREE and Y contents might be resulted from the presence of garnet and amphibole in the solid residue of the source rock, while the high Sr content and the negative anomalies of Ti, Ta and Nb may indicate the absence of plagioclase and presence of Fe and Ti oxides in it. As a general scenario, it may be concluded that the adakitic rocks in the Khoynarood were most likely resulted from detachment of the subducting Neo-Tethyan eclogitic slab after subduction cessation between Arabian and Central Iranian plates during the upper Cretaceous–early Cenozoic and partial melting of the detached slab, followed by interactions with metasomatized mantle wedge peridotite and contamination with continental crust.     

Micropaleontological evidence for redox changes in the OAE3 interval of the US Western Interior: Global vs. local processes

The Coniacian-Santonian interval has been proposed as the youngest of the Cretaceous ocean anoxic events (OAE3), but this designation has long been debated. OAE3 is associated with a long-lasting (∼3 myr) succession of black shales from the central and South Atlantic, Caribbean region, and the North American Western Interior; in the Western Interior it is characterized by an abrupt increase in total organic carbon (TOC) and corresponding trace metal indicators for anoxia. However, the modern concept of OAEs is predicated on detection of global carbon cycle perturbations as recorded by substantial carbon isotope excursions (CIE), and the protracted Coniacian-Santonian black shale interval does not have a large CIE. A more conservative definition of OAE3 might limit the event to the modest positive carbon isotope excursion restricted to the upper Coniacian Scaphites depressus Ammonite Zone. Trace metal proxies suggest that oxygen levels abruptly declined prior to the onset of this CIE in the Western Interior Sea (WIS), but it is unknown whether regional anoxic conditions were confined to sediments/pore waters, or how anoxia may have affected the biota. In an effort to characterize the oxygenation history of the WIS and to better understand the nature of the hypothesized OAE3, we present micropaleontological evidence of declining oxygen in bottom waters prior to the event using benthic foraminifera, which are sensitive to dissolved oxygen. Changes in benthic foraminiferal abundances suggest a decline in oxygen at least 1-myr prior to the CIE (including a nadir immediately below the start of the excursion), improving bottom water oxygen during the CIE, and re-establishment of persistent anoxia following the isotope excursion. Anoxia endured for nearly 3 myr in the central seaway, showing some signs of recovery toward the top of the Niobrara Formation. Our findings suggest that declining oxygen concentrations in the seaway eventually reached a tipping point, after which dissolved oxygen quickly dropped to zero.The late Coniacian CIE is an exception to the trend of declining oxygen in the WIS, and part of a larger pattern in the oxygenation history of the Niobrara Formation which suggests that it does not adhere to standard black shale models. Transgressive periods, including the Fort Hays Limestone and the lower limestone unit of the Smoky Hill Shale (which corresponds to the CIE) are relatively oxic, while periods of highstand (i.e., most of the Smoky Hill) correspond to deteriorating oxygen conditions. This contrasts with the standard black shale model for sea level and oxygen, where transgressions typically correlate with maximum TOC enrichment, interpreted to result from both sediment condensation and oxygen deficiency. The association of global carbon burial/anoxia (as indicated by carbon isotopes) with a regional increase in oxygen and decrease in organic matter preservation is reminiscent of the Cenomanian-Turonian Greenhorn Limestone, which contains OAE2. In both cases, the facies are not typical black shales, but instead have appreciable carbonate content. Western Interior redox trends support the rejection of the original concept of a protracted Coniacian-Santonian OAE3 because it is not a distinct “event.” Increasing local oxygen during the late Coniacian CIE also argues against a narrower OAE designation for this event, because the excursion can't be tied to anoxia here or anywhere else it has been described. Nevertheless, the Late Coniacian Event (as we prefer to call this CIE) still represents an important perturbation of the global carbon cycle. This is emblematic of the shift away from widespread, discrete anoxic events during the ongoing paleoceanographic reorganization of the Late Cretaceous, even as large carbon cycle perturbations continued.     

琼东南盆地深水区宝岛——长昌凹陷火山/岩浆底辟分布及CO_2充注风险分析

琼东南盆地深水区石油勘探面临的幔源CO_2风险主要集中于其东区的宝岛—长昌凹陷,目前已在宝岛凹陷北缘发现多个高CO_2含量气层。文章基于地震火山地层学原理,利用地震相分析技术,识别火山/岩浆底辟分布,分析其分布规律和控制因素。结果表明,宝岛—长昌区的火山/岩浆底辟呈串珠状集中分布在(潜伏)深大断裂附近,凹陷中心的火山分布集中且规模大;中新统为火山最活跃时期,其控制因素主要为地幔上涌、断裂活动、沉积盖层厚度等。通过分析火山/岩浆底辟类型及分布、输导体系、宝南断阶带成藏之间的时空配置关系,认为宝南断阶带整体来看CO_2风险较小,特别是主要目的层陵三段。     

Charting a low carbon future for shipping: A UK perspective

Projected growth in the international shipping industry is set to outstrip CO₂ reductions arising from incremental improvements to technology and operations currently being planned and implemented. Using original scenarios, this paper demonstrates for the first time that it is possible for a nation's shipping to make a fair contribution to meeting global climate change commitments, but that this requires transformation of the sector. The scale and nature of technology change varies depending on the level of demand and how this is satisfied. The scenarios show that to develop successful marine mitigation policy, it is essential to consider the interdependencies between ship speed, level and pattern of demand for services, and the extent and rate of innovation in propulsion technology. Across the scenarios, it is difficult to foresee how deep decarbonisation can be achieved without an immediate, fleet-wide speed reduction; and a land-based energy-system transition strongly influences shipping demand, which in turn, influences the extent of required low-carbon propulsion technology change. Setting the industry on a 2 °C heading requires multifaceted and near-term changes in the shipping sector, but these are unlikely to materialise without a major shift by stakeholders to realise new and innovative deep decarbonisation policies in the coming decade.     

新疆克因布拉克铜锌矿床富CO_2-N_2流体及地质意义

克因布拉克铜锌矿床位于新疆阿尔泰山南缘冲乎尔盆地。矿体主要赋存于早二叠世花岗岩外接触带的下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组内。克因布拉克矿床经历了两个成矿期:海相火山喷流沉积成矿期和变质热液叠加成矿期。变质热液叠加成矿期可包括2个阶段:早阶段顺层透镜状石英脉(Q1)和晚阶段切层含黄铁矿?黄铜矿石英脉(Q2)。石英脉中流体包裹体以富CO_2-N_2为特征,流体包裹体组合(FIA)发育。流体包裹体类型包括CO_2-N_2包裹体、H_2O-CO_2(±N_2)包裹体和水溶液包裹体(L-V型)。显微测温结果显示,Q1中CO_2-N_2包裹体三相点温度(T_(m,CO_2))范围在-61.2~-59.1℃,部分均一温度(T_(h,CO2))的范围是-42.3~-36.0℃。Q2中CO_2-N_2流体包裹体的T_(m,CO_2)为-61.6~-58.1℃,T_(h,CO_2)范围是-30.0~10.4℃;Q2中H_2O-CO_2(±N_2)包裹体的T_(m,CO_2)为-61.4~-58.1℃,T_(h,CO_2)为-11.9~5.3℃,CO_2笼合物融化温度(T_(m,clath))范围是2.9~13.1℃,完全均一温度(T_(h,total))为312℃,伴生的L-V包裹体T_(h,total)为201~389℃,求得CO_2相密度为0.91~0.97 g/cm~3,盐度为1.62%~12.02%NaCl_(eqv)。计算得到流体包裹体的最低捕获压力范围为250~320 MPa,具有极富CO_2-N_2、低盐度的特点,属于变质流体。变质热液期早阶段石英脉δD值为-90.5‰,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值为7.8‰;晚阶段石英脉δD值为-82.1‰~-80.4‰,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)为6.2‰~8.6‰。海相火山沉积期硫化物的δ~(34)S为0.9‰~2.1‰,硫来自火山岩浆活动;变质热液叠加期硫化物的δ~(34)S为0.1‰~1.1‰,显示了与造山变质深源流体有关的来源。克因布拉克铜锌矿床矿石变形变质结构特征以及石英脉中富CO_2-N_2流体的大量出现,说明变质流体对矿床具有一定的叠加改造,矿床具有多阶段的特点。     

The Influence of Allogenic Water and Sulfuric Acid to Karst Carbon Sink in Karst Subterranean River in Southern Hu’nan

Evaluating the impact of allogenic water and sulfuric acid on karst carbon sink not only helps to improve the accurate calculation of soil CO₂ uptake by rock weathering, but also obtains a complete understanding of the global carbon cycle. Groundwater samples were collected from four karst subterranean rivers watershed within different lithology strata in Wushui Basin, upstream of Beijiang Basin, Hunan Province, for revealing the important impact of silicate weathering on hydrochemistry of groundwater. To estimate the contribution of soil CO₂ uptake by silicate weathering to CO₂ uptake by rock weathering, the Galy model was employed in this article. The important impact of sulfuric acid on CO₂ uptake by carbonate weathering resulting from the substitution of carbonic acid by protons from sulfuric acid was investigated. Our results showed that the concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and SiO₂ in L01,L02 subterranean river with silicate strata in watershed were higher than that in L03,L04 subterranean river without silicate strata in watershed, which implied that the contribution of silicate weathering to Na⁺,K⁺ and SiO₂ was very important in watershed within silicate strata . The changeable equivalent ratio between (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) and HCO₃^- was 1.05 to 1.15, and the value of [Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺]/[HCO₃^-+SO₄^2-] was 0.99 to 1.08. The concentrations of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ exceeded the equivalent concentrations of HC₃^-, and the excess of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺cations were compensated by SO₄^2-, which suggested that sulfuric acid has an important influence on carbonate dissolution. The contribution of soil CO₂uptake by silicate weathering to CO₂ consumption in L01 and L02 subterranean river were 3.36% and 2.22%, respectively, whereas the contribution in L03, L04 subterranean river were less than 0.50%, indicating that the contribution of soil CO₂ uptake by silicate weathering was important in the subterranean river basin within silicate strata. Due to the contributions made by sulfuric acid, the CO₂ consumption in four subterranean rivers decreased by 4.84%, 4.52%, 6.20%, 9.36%, respectively.     

Gas accumulation mechanism in Denglouku Formation of Changling fault depression,southern Songliao Basin,China

The Changling gas field is occurs in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Lower Cretaceous Denglouku Formation in the Changling fault depression , southern Songliao Basin , China, which constitutes a new gas-pro-ducing area in the depression .Using information on the source-reservoir-cap rock assemblage of the Denglouku Formation, fault activity, and single well burial history of well CS 1, together with data on reservoir fluid inclu-sion and laser Raman spectroscopy , we described the formation of the Changling gas field and determine that this fault depression did not possess suitable conditions for hydrocarbon generation .Coal-derived methane gen-erated from underlying hydrocarbon source rock accumulated in the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation .At the end of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Stage , underwater volcanic eruptions occurred in the northern part of the Changling gas field near Qian'an, resulting in the reactivation of deep faults .Mantle-sourced inorganic CO2 migrated along faults to hydrocarbon gas reservoirs in volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation ;Mean-while, displaced methane ( hydrocarbon gas ) migrated upward to sand reservoirs of the Denglouku Formation . The methane accumulated and formed secondary gas reservoirs ,Therefore fault activity was the main factor con-trolling the generation of gas reservoirs in the Denglouku Formation .The main accumulation period of the Yingcheng hydrocarbon gas reservoirs was 82 Ma.Whereas gas reservoir formation in the overlying Denglongku Formation was 79 Ma, slightly later than the time of formation of the Yingcheng gas reservoir in CS 1 well area. At 79 Ma, the burial depth of the Denglouku Formation was 1800-2000 m, the diagenesis is relatively weak and the physical properties of the reservoir are relatively favorable for accumulation .This period is not only at gas generation peak time of three sets of source rock but also at the reactivation of deep faults during the forma -tion of fault-bound depressions , thereby providing favorable conditions for the migration and accumulation of methane .     

土地利用和覆被变化对岩溶区土壤CO2浓度的影响

通过选择3个具有不同地质背景、气候条件等环境特征的山西汾阳马跑-郭庄岩溶泉域、湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域、广西桂江流域,对流域内具有代表性的不同土地利用方式和覆被类型下垫面土壤20~50cm深处CO2浓度进行检测。结果显示,土地利用方式和覆被变化对3个流域岩溶土壤中20cm、30cm、40cm和50cm深处CO2浓度具有明显的影响作用:湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域多数样地土壤CO2表现为随土层的加深先增加后降低的双向梯度;山西马跑-郭庄泉域玉米地的土壤CO2浓度比种植马铃薯的高,且随着覆被条件由草地→灌丛→林地的改善,土壤的扰动性变小,CO2浓度差趋于减少,变幅趋于稳定。各个流域相同覆被类型,群落结构和优势种变化越小,土壤CO2浓度变幅越小。