REE and (э)Nd of clay fractions in sediments from the eastern Pacific Ocean: Evidence for clay sources

Clay fractions in the non-calcareous surface sediments from the eastern Pacific were analyzed for clay minerals, REE and 143Nd/144Nd. Montmorillonite/illite ratio (M/I ratio), total REE contents ((REE), LREE/HREE ratio and cerium anomaly (бCe) may effectively indicate the genesis of clay minerals. Clay fractions with M/I ratio >1, бCe (0.85, (REE (400 μg/g, LREE/HREE ratio (4, and REE patterns similar to those of pelagic sediments are terrigenous and autogenetic mixed clay fractions and contain more autogenetic montmorillonite. Clay fractions with M/I ratio <1, бCe=0.86 to 1.5, ΣREE=200 to 350 μg/g, LREE/HREE ratio (6 and REE distribution patterns similar to that of China loess are identified as terrigenous clay fraction. The 143Nd/144Nd ratios or (э)Nd values of clay fractions inherit the features of terrigenous sources of clay minerals. Clay fractions are divided into 4 types according to (э)Nd values. Terrigenous clay minerals of type I with the (э)Nd values of -8 to -6 originate mainly from North American fluvial deposits. Those of type II with the (э)Nd values of -9 to -7 are mainly from the East Asia and North American fluvial deposits. Those of type III with (э)Nd values of -6 to -3 could come from the central and eastern Pacific volcanic islands. Those of type IV with (э)Nd values of -13 to -12 may be from East Asia eolian. The terrigenous and autogenetic mixed clay fractions show patchy distributions, indicating that there are volcanic or hot-spot activities in the eastern Pacific plate, while the terrigenous clay fractions cover a large part of the study area, proving that the terrigenous clay minerals are dominant in the eastern Pacific.     

衍射地震CT技术的数值研究

本文首先解决了声波方程的非Born近似的正演计算问题,从而获得理论上不带近似的正演数据;然后,推导了井间（CBP）、垂直地震剖面（VSP）和地面反射（SRP）三种不同的数据采集方式下的衍射CT的重建公式;利用这些重建算法和正演数据,系统地研究了影响到地球物理CT成象质量的三种因素,即:（1）数据采集方式,（2）异常程度和（3）成象区域的尺寸,对重建图象的影响;并比较了衍射地震CT和射线地震CT的成象质量。     

Fault structures and their geoelectric parameters in the epicentral zone of the 27 September 2003 Chuya earthquake (Gorny Altai) from resistivity data

This paper presents an integrated measurement technique based on DC methods (vertical electrical sounding, electrical resistivity tomography) which was used to identify faults and determine their geoelectric parameters in the western part of the Chuya basin. New information on the structure of the Chagan River valley located in the zone of the disastrous 27 September 2003 Chuya earthquake has been obtained from the results of these methods. Geoelectric cross-sections of the sedimentary sequence and the upper part of the basement were obtained from VES data, showing the block structure of the study area. Electrical resistivity tomography sections confirm the presence of a major fault between basement blocks of different heights and indicate the presence of faults bounding the valley on its right side and in the southwestern part.     

二步法射线追踪

本文提出的二步法射线追踪,能够在复杂地质模型下有效、准确地确定射线在炮点的出射角,使得射线恰好到达检波点.射线到达地面的位置是射线在炮点的出射角的函数,称为出射函数.二步法射线追踪通过搜索出射函数的极值点来确定其单调变化的区间;然后通过比较检波点位置与出射函数极值的大小,确定与检波点相对应的出射角究竟落在出射函数的哪一个单调变化的区间里;最后,利用出射函数在局部区域里单调变化的性质,迅速、准确地确定与检波点相对应的出射角.出射函数的极值点,对于共炮集中每一个检波点和检波点中每一个不同方向的入射射线都是适用的,因此,二步法射线追踪只需要进行一次一维全局搜索（极值点搜索）.另外,本文采用B-样条的线性组合来表示速度函数,通过提高B-样条的阶数,可以改善速度函数的光滑程度,从而既满足射线追踪对于速度函数光滑性的要求,又加强射线在炮点的出射角对于射线的控制作用.     

原子探针层析技术及其在矿床研究中的应用

原子探针层析技术（APT）是一种能够以亚纳米分辨率提供定量的三维元素和同位素分析的测试分析技术,具有极高的空间分辨率和低的检出限。虽然原子探针主要用于材料科学和半导体领域,但随着近年来在矿床研究中应用的不断增加,正逐渐成为矿床研究的有用手段。与传统的地质分析技术相比,原子探针具有独特的技术优势,可以测量体积＜0.0007μm3的矿物的元素组成,能够在纳米尺度上揭示矿物成分的复杂性,为理解地质演化过程提供全新的认识。本文在简述原子探针层析技术的基本原理、样品的选择和处理以及针尖样品制备的基础上,重点从成矿元素赋存状态、纳米尺度包裹体和稳定同位素组成三个方面阐述了原子探针在矿床研究中的代表性应用成果。迄今为止,原子探针在矿床学中的应用主要集中在成矿元素赋存状态的分析上,尤其是与金矿相关的黄铁矿或其他化学组成相对简单的矿物。而在纳米尺度包裹体和稳定同位素组成方面,原子探针应用成果虽不如前者丰富,但也取得了一些重要的全新认识,表现出良好的应用前景。原子探针在矿床学领域迅速发展的同时,也存在一些亟需解决的问题,如复杂质谱峰的标定、三维重建失真等。尽管如此,相信随着技术的不断进步,原子探针将逐渐成为矿床研究的重要工具。     

中国西部地区地壳结构特征与强震活动相关性研究

中国西部地区是地震活动十分强烈的地区,天山、阿尔泰、帕米尔和西昆仑都是著名的地震构造带,在这些地震构造带和周边地区发生了多次震级大于5级的强震.本文通过分析西部地区的重力场特征,根据重力数据结合地震剖面、应用Parker-Oldenburg方法反演得到了研究区莫霍面深度,通过对比地震层析成像的反演结果,分析了研究区的地壳结构特征.计算结果表明,研究区地壳结构不均匀特征明显,在造山带地区一般是莫霍面坳陷区,盆地则是莫霍面隆起区,主要造山带地壳速度结构表现为高速区,盆地和主要凹陷区为低速区.根据计算结果和以往强震震中位置分析了地壳构造与强震活动的相关性,西部地区的地震活动与地壳结构的横向不均匀密切相关,强震主要发生在地壳速度变化带附近和地壳速度结构差异较大的地区,在构造应力作用下,这些地壳介质非均匀地区易发生强震,这是中国西部造山带和盆-山边界附近频发强震的构造原因之一.     

Observational estimation of heat budgets on drifting ice and open water over the Arctic Ocean

It is of major scientific interests to determine the parameters of momentum, heat and vapor exchange in the planetary boundary layer in order to study the effects of ocean-ice-atmosphere interactions and their feedback mechanisms on global climate[1]. Lin…     

北极海域铁锰结核和结壳的分布与成因

对公开发表的有关北极海域铁锰结核和结壳的分布区域、化学成分,矿物类型以及年代学等数据资料进行搜集整理后发现,目前已知的浅水铁锰样品主要分布在喀拉海和楚科奇海域内,而深水铁锰样品主要位于楚科奇海台、加拿大海盆、门捷列夫海岭和阿尔法海岭内。深水铁锰样品主要为水生成因,除Mn外,主要有用金属含量均远高于浅水样品,且多种金属与全球重要结核和结壳成矿带内的样品含量相当,展示出一定的资源潜力。深水铁锰样品生长时间长达1500万a,对应着中新世弗拉姆海峡开启,北冰洋开始与北大西洋进行深水交换时期。浅水铁锰样品主要为成岩成因,周边陆源非金属物质的供给量较大,资源潜力低。