Ocean governance and maritime security in a placeful environment: The case of the European Union

Adopting a critical geopolitics approach that accounts for the mutually reinforcing link between geo-informed narratives and projection practices, this article proposes that ocean governance and maritime security have translated into states' and regional organisations' increasing control over maritime spaces. This leads to a certain territorialisation of the sea, not so much from a sovereignty and jurisdictional perspective but from a functional and normative perspective. The article starts by discussing the ways oceans have been represented and shows that they are far from a placeless void, both in practice and in discourse. The article then frames the analysis of ocean governance and maritime security within critical geopolitics, and elaborates on the case of the European Union's narrative and practice. It concludes on the mutually reinforcing link between discourse and practice in the field of ocean governance and maritime security in general, and on the consequences for the EU in particular. Scholars working on ocean governance and maritime security are encouraged to challenge the traditional view that oceans are placeless.     

Relations between professional groups in the Atlantic and Mediterranean fishing enclaves of Andalusia (Spain): A personal networks approach with clustered graphs

This paper proposes a new network-based approach to analyse intergroup relations in fishing ports. The technique of clustered graphs is applied to the case of the Andalusian fishing ports to assess the balance between intra and inter-professional relationships. The patterns of sociability in Mediterranean and Atlantic fishing enclaves in the southern region of Spain were compared, examining their implications for participatory governance of marine resources. The personal networks of 53 fishermen, ship owners or skippers and key individuals of 18 Andalusian fisheries were analysed. The personal networks were compared in terms of fishing ground (Atlantic versus Mediterranean) and port type (by size and form of participation). The data of 45 individuals with whom each respondent usually interacts in the harbour was summarised in clustered graphs of intra-group and inter-group relationships between 8 professional roles in the harbour. Results show primarily that personal networks of Mediterranean ports are overall denser, in comparison with those of the Atlantic, which are more centralised and have a higher average betweenness. Secondly, in the Atlantic a clear difference of roles between ship owners and skippers is observed. A strong link between ship owners and the crew was found, and also between the ship owner and commercial roles in the Mediterranean. Small ports seem to be more apt for the artisanalisation of fisheries, as well as for the European Union’s Common Fisheries Policy.     

Missing the boat: Critical threats to coral reefs are neglected at global scale

Coral reefs have experienced a global decline due to overfishing, pollution, and warming oceans that are becoming increasingly acidic. To help halt and reverse this decline, interventions should be aimed at those threats reef experts and managers identify as most severe. The survey included responses from 170 managers, representing organizations from 50 countries and territories, and found that respondents generally agreed on the two major threats: overfishing and coastal development. However, resource allocation did not match this consensus on major threats. In particular, while overfishing receives much attention, coastal development and its attendant pollution are largely neglected and underfunded. These results call for a re-examination of how resources are allocated in coral reef conservation, with more attention given to aligning how money is spent with what are perceived to be the primary threats.     

新疆额尔宾山花岗岩侵位年龄和成因及其对南天山洋闭合时代的限定

额尔宾山花岗岩岩体位于南天山晚古生代侵入岩带,对该花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb定年获得296.1±1.8Ma的年龄,为早二叠世。岩石主量元素分析结果表明,该花岗岩的Si O2含量为66.96%~67.3%,富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.53%~7.97%),K2O/Na2O1(1.15~1.27),属高钾钙碱性系列岩石;Al2O3为15.56%~15.62%,Al2O3K2O+Na2O+Ca O,属于过铝型。岩石稀土元素配分模式呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集((La/Yb)N=27.03~30.62)、重稀土元素(HREE)亏损((LREE/HREE)=18.2~20.1)、具有中等程度的负Eu异常(δEu=0.64~0.68)。微量元素判别结果显示,其具有I-A型花岗岩过渡的特征。结合区域地质背景综合分析,初步认定该岩体可能形成于南天山同碰撞向后碰撞构造体制转换时期,据此可以推测南天山洋盆闭合时限至少应该在早二叠世以前。     

全球早古生代造山带(Ⅱ):俯冲-增生型造山

全球早古生代增生造山带极其发育,主要分布在古亚洲洋南北两侧、Iaeptus洋南侧、Rheic洋北侧和环冈瓦纳大陆地带,其中原特提斯洋封闭的产物主要发育在中国境内,大量微陆块在早古生代可能都是冈瓦纳北缘的俯冲-增生带中的重要组成。增生造山带中组成复杂,具有沟-弧-盆体系、海山、洋壳等残存记录,尤以榴辉岩发育为特征,增生造山成为早古生代古亚洲洋和特提斯洋构造体系的显著独特特征。早古生代末中亚早古生代造山带多为微陆块增生造山阶段,沟-弧-盆体系发育,具有增生-软碰撞造山的特点,发生时限较晚,为早古生代末;原特提斯洋中的西昆仑、东昆仑、柴达木北缘、南阿尔金、北阿尔金与北祁连、北秦岭等围限或夹杂的微陆块在早古生代具有相同的增生造山过程,整体是向南俯冲线性增生到冈瓦纳大陆北缘,现今多次重复是早古生代弯山构造所致。400 Ma左右,南部古特提斯洋和北部勉略带的打开,导致其北漂,经复杂变形改造,它们现今为一巨型弯山构造横亘在中国中部,对中国构造格局影响最为重要。     

Distribution of calcareous nannoplankton in surface sediments along the northern KwaZulu-Natal Bight,South Africa

The coccolith assemblages from seafloor sediments over the inner shelf in the northern region of the KwaZulu- Natal Bight on the east coast of South Africa were identified and their distribution determined. In all, 29 Recent species and taxonomic groups, as well as 29 reworked species were recorded. The distribution of the Recent species appears to be governed by environmental features that have been documented in other studies: temperature, salinity, nutrient concentration and water circulation pattern, which reveals the long-term existence of a circulation cell in the sector between Durban Bay and the Thukela River. The outer edge of the cell consists of nutrient-enriched mixed layers and is characterised by an enhanced abundance of Gephyrocapsa oceanica, whereas the central region consists of a stratified nutrient-depleted water mass with elevated abundance of Umbilicosphaera sibogae, Florisphaera profunda, and a group of umbelliform species. The elevated levels of G. oceanica, coupled with the rarity of U. sibogae, F. profunda and the umbelliform species, confirm the presence of a permanent upwelling cell off Richards Bay. The maximum abundance of F. profunda found between Richards Bay and Lake Nhlabane indicates a region of nutrient-depleted (except for nitrite) conditions.     

大兴安岭北段图里河地区满克头鄂博组火山岩年代学及地球化学

对大兴安岭北段图里河地区满克头鄂博组火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学研究,以便对其岩石成因和构造背景给予制约。流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,该地区满克头鄂博组火山岩形成时代为晚侏罗世(157±1Ma)。该组火山岩具有高硅(Si O2=69.09%~75.92%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=8.04%~9.23%),贫镁、铁、钙的特征,属高钾钙碱性、偏铝质-弱过铝质岩石;稀土元素配分曲线呈轻稀土富集的右倾形式,(La/Yb)N=5.85~13.53,无铕异常或具有较弱的铕负异常;火山岩样品富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素。Mg#值为12.14~31.01,平均值22,Nb/Ta值(6.67~27.17,平均值12.23),Rb/Sr值(0.35~3.63,平均值1.58),显示火山岩岩浆源区为下地壳。依据岩石地球化学特征、构造判别图解,结合区域构造演化特征,认为满克头鄂博组火山岩形成于蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合的造山后伸展背景。     

华北克拉通北缘东段“开原岩群”的解体及重新认识

根据近年来的同位素年代学资料,对分布于辽北地区的一套构造变质岩系（"开原岩群"或"清河镇岩群"）进行了重新认识和划分,并将其重新定义为清河构造混杂岩,由中太古代、新太古代、中元古代、新元古代、二叠纪等不同时代、不同构造环境的地质体组成.其中,中太古代、新太古代、中元古代岩石来自华北克拉通,而新元古代、二叠纪岩石则来自兴蒙造山带.将原沈家堡子岩组重新划分为新太古代变质表壳岩和中-新太古代变质深成岩,原板石沟岩组（或芦家堡子岩组）厘定为中元古代石门岩组,原照北山岩组重新划分为新元古代南平岩片和晚二叠世照北山岩组,将原佟家屯岩组和尖山子火山岩合并为晚二叠世佟家屯岩组.最后,提出了清河构造混杂岩带为华北克拉通与兴蒙造山带的界线以及古亚洲洋在华北板块北缘东段的最终闭合时间为中三叠世早期（约245Ma）的认识.     

内蒙古巴林右旗晚二叠世埃达克质火山岩特征及其地质意义

内蒙古东南部巴林右旗地区发育晚二叠世埃达克质火山岩,岩石组合为安山岩、粗安岩、英安岩及辉石安山岩,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为256.7±2.7Ma,指示其形成于晚二叠世。地球化学特征显示,该套火山岩属准铝质-弱铝质中钾钙碱性岩石系列,具富Si(SiO_256%)、高Al(Al_2O_315%)、富Na、贫K、高Sr、低Yb和Y等特征,Na_2O/K_2O值为2.33~3.90,Mg~#值为35.3~60.8;稀土元素总量为96.69×10~(-6)~192.4×10~(-6)、轻重稀土元素分馏较明显((La/Yb)_N值为6.27~13.82),具正的Eu(δEu=1~1.67)异常,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图中,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、U,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta,为O型(大洋型)埃达克质火山岩地球化学特征。综合区域资料,巴林右旗埃达克质火山岩是残留在地幔中的古亚洲洋残余洋壳部分熔融并受到地幔橄榄岩混染形成的,暗示晚二叠世存在古亚洲洋向华北板块俯冲消亡事件。     

Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Bayanhushuo area,southern Great Xing’an Range,NE China: constraints from zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical data of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks

This study presents new zircon U–Pb geochronology, geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotopic data of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks that crop out in the Bayanhushuo area of the southern Great Xing’an Range (GXR) of NE China. These data provide insights into the tectonic evolution of this area during the late Mesozoic and constrain the evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. Combining these new ages with previously published data suggests that the late Mesozoic volcanism occurred in two distinct episodes: Early–Middle Jurassic (176–173 Ma) and Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (151–138 Ma). The Early–Middle Jurassic dacite porphyry belongs to high-K calc-alkaline series, showing the features of I-type igneous rock. This unit has zircon ε_Hf(t) values from +4.06 to +11.62 that yield two-stage model ages (T_DM2) from 959 to 481 Ma. The geochemistry of the dacite porphyry is indicative of formation in a volcanic arc tectonic setting, and it is derived from a primary magma generated by the partial melting of juvenile mafic crustal material. The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks belong to high-K calc-alkaline or shoshonite series and have A₂-type affinities. These volcanics have ε_Hf(t) and T_DM2 values from +5.00 to +8.93 and from 879 to 627 Ma, respectively. The geochemistry of these Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks is indicative of formation in a post-collisional extensional environment, and they formed from primary magmas generated by the partial melting of juvenile mafic lower crust. The discovery of late Mesozoic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks within the southern GXR indicates that this region was in volcanic arc and extensional tectonic settings during the Early–Middle Jurassic and the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, respectively. This indicates that the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate was undergoing subduction during the Early–Middle Jurassic, and this ocean adjacent to the GXR may have closed by the Late Middle Jurassic–Early Late Jurassic.