Seamounts in the Central Indian Ocean Basin: indicators of the Indian plate movement

The study of seamount parameters in the tectonically most-complicated and least-understood Indian Ocean assumes importance since their properties vary as a function of tectonic setting, physics of lithosphere, conduit geometry and chemical composition of magma. More than 100 such seamounts ranging in summit height (h) from 300 to 2870 m, are indentified in the oceanic crust between Indian continent and Mid-Indian Ridge (MIR) and South-East Indian Ridge (SEIR). Most of the minor seamounts (h > 1000) are found in the southern part of the study area. Major seamounts (h < 1000 m) are roughly distributed in two groups—the northern group on Cretaceous Oceanic Crust and southern group on Pliocene-Miocene Oceanic Crust. On an average northern group seamounts (SM 1 to 6) are taller, wider and flatter than those from the southern group. These seamounts appear to be the result of continuous growth from tapped, moving magma chamber while stress depleted magma and inconsistent Indian Plate movement during Mid-Tertiary are attributed to the origin of southern group of smaller seamounts. Distribution and morphology of seamounts as a whole indicate their formation either from Reunion hotspot or from two separate hotspots in the geological past.     

Entrainment of circumpolar water in the Indian Ocean region of the Antarctic

The net influx of the circumpolar water on the western (approximately along 10°E) and eastern (approximately 115°E) boundaries of the Indian Ocean, adopting the method of Montgomery and Stroup is computed on bivariate distribution of potential thermosteric anomaly and salinity to identify the characteristics of the flux. The zonal flux at both the boundaries indicates an alternate strong easterly and westerly flow between 36°S and 45°S, south of which the flow is mainly easterly but weak up to 56°S. At the western boundary the easterly flow is 146 Sv and westerly is 98.07 Sv, while at the eastern boundary (115°E) the corresponding fluxes are 123.46 Sv and 27.20 Sv respectively, indicating a net outflux of 48.33 Sv. This water should have been accounted by the melting of ice and influx of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Water.     

古代刘家港崛起与衰落的探讨*

明代早期建都南京,当时贴木儿帝国崛起于中亚,一度阻断了丝绸之路,北方大运河严重淤积,明王朝只能采用海运与通过海上丝绸之路开展海内外贸易。长江河口成为南京的通海捷径,刘家港位于娄江(刘洒)与长江河口交汇处,太湖平原的东北部。娄江在宋代以前严重淤积,经元代至明初的治理,特别是明初"掣淞入刘"的整治工程后,娄江河道水深河阔,全江畅通,成为长江河口地区兴建大型海港的最佳的港址。娄江又能同富饶的太湖平原相沟通,使其成为刘家港的经济腹地。以上原因使刘家港在明初崛起,成为"海运千艘所聚"的大海港与郑和下西洋的出海始发港。明王朝迁都北京后开展大运河的治理,减少对海运的依赖,郑和下西洋终止与倭寇骚扰,均促使海运衰退。长江河口南岸严重崩塌,使刘家港崩塌入海。娄江严重淤积。以上原因导致刘家港衰落。     

地热回灌井井底压强新解

前人对地热回灌井的井底压强评价主要通过水位和井内水温、密度分布进行相对静态计算。为了更客观地研究井底压强计算,该文进行了更全面的分析。当在对模拟地热回灌井的尾水出水口压力进行计算时,发现了尾水对下部水柱产生13.07 m水柱当量压强,并结合估计的回灌平衡状态下井内温度(密度)分布,计算出井底压强及其他相关数据,并与静井状态进行了对比,认为在回灌井结构不变的前提下,井底的压强主要由尾水出水口压力、动水位和温度(密度)分布共同决定。     

地形和层结变化对内潮生成影响的数值模拟研究

基于ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)模式,设计了9组理想数值实验,研究了内潮的产生对地形和背景层结环境的敏感性。结果表明:高斯海脊两侧地形梯度较大的超临界坡面处是内潮的主要源区;地形和层结环境的变化对内潮生成有很大影响;如地形和层结保持不变,不同的网格水平分辨率和垂向层数条件下估算的内潮转换率存在差别;地形和跃层的相对空间关系对内潮生成及其引起的水体混合强度存在影响。高分辨率的地形和合适的背景层结是内潮模拟的关键。该结论对于内潮形成的数值模拟研究有一定参考价值。     

Review on Researches of Aragonite Saturation State in the Southern Ocean:A Key Parameter of Southern Ocean Acidification

The Southern Ocean is a strong sink for atmospheric CO₂, making it especially vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). The aragonite saturation state (Ω_arg) of seawater has been used as an index for the estimation of OA, which plays a critical role in evaluating the living environment of marine calcified organisms. However, it is very difficult to perform the studies of OA and Ω_arg in the Southern Ocean due to its harsh climate. Therefore, in order to better understand the OA and its further influences, the advances of Ω_arg studies were summarized in the oceans surrounding the Antarctica. Significant spatial and temporal variations of surface seawater Ω_arg are demonstrated in the Southern Ocean. In general, the surface seawater Ω_arg shows a lower value in the off-shore areas than in the open oceans. And, Ω_arg also exhibits a strong seasonal cycle with a higher value in summer than in winter. The distributions of Ω_arg in vertical water column generally present a declining tendency from surface to bottom. In addition, the shoaling of Ω_arg horizon at high latitude could be attributed to the ventilation and upwelling of deep waters in the Southern Ocean. There are many factors that could impact the Ω_arg in the Southern Ocean, including sea ice melting, sea-air CO₂ exchange, biological activities and hydrological processes, etc. Finally, the future changes and key scientific problems of OA in the Southern Ocean are proposed.     

Inspirations from IODP Expedition 361

International Ocean Discovery Program, or present IODP that has been evolved from the early Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is one of the international ocean drilling and exploration programs originated from USA. IODP 361 cruse supported by JOIDES Resolution is characterized of high maneuverability, high tectonic integrity, high comprehensive disciplinary, information aggregation, international researcher gathering, global study targeting, quantity study production, isolated close working environments and huge investment, which is one of the most important international cooperation platforms of the geosciences, especially global changes. It is also one of the super powerful engines not only guiding but also pushing the study on global change via exploring the records of ocean evolution, and also the fountainhead to understand the processes and mechanism of the global changes. As one the main members of the IODP, China is not only participating the activities and scientific researches of IODP, but also needs to improve the capabilities to monitor the ocean and establish our own facilities, laboratories and research centers. These are not only very important for the global research and the future development, but also crucial for the preservation of the ocean environment. Leaning and mastering mature operation models from the JOIDES Resolution, using the experience of IODP management for reference may benefit our research work and yield twice the result with half the effort.     

护底条件下淹没丁坝坝头局部冲刷试验

淹没丁坝是一种典型的航道工程整治建筑物,工程实施中坝头附近局部冲刷防护问题尤为重要。为研究护底条件下的淹没丁坝坝头局部冲刷特性问题,采用正态模型试验方法,重点研究了护底条件下淹没丁坝坝头局部冲刷坑形态、最大深度与护底宽度的变化响应规律,结果表明,护底条件下坝头局部冲刷坑位于护底边缘附近,当护底宽度小于20 m左右时,最大冲刷深度变化较小,但冲刷坑位置有所远离坝体,最大冲刷深度随着护底宽度的变化规律可用指数关系表达。基于量纲分析原理,建立了粉细沙河床护底条件下淹没丁坝局部冲刷最大深度计算公式。     

Chezy型和广义Manning型摩擦关系在渤、黄、东海陆架潮汐模拟中的应用

以往对渤、黄、东海潮汐数值模拟中使用的摩擦系数大都采用不随地点变化的常数,即采用Chezy型摩擦。为了改善模拟效果,本文比较了Chezy型和广义Manning型摩擦关系,并选择与实测数据符合最好的参数,即最优参数。结果表明,采用广义Manning型摩擦系数所得结果更好。底摩擦系数在0.0009至0.0014之间,显著低于Proudman(1953)给出的0.0026,也比以往大多数已发表的值小。与原始的Manning公式不同(该公式的幂值为负数),本研究得到的幂值为正,表明在渤、黄、东海陆架区。总体上,水体越浅摩擦系数越小。本文给出了根据最优Manning型摩擦参数模拟得出的同潮图和能通量分布图,并描述了它们的特征。     

浅化波浪层流边界层流速分布特性的数值分析

建立了同时考虑波致雷诺应力和时均水平压强梯度影响的二阶波浪边界层数学模型,模型计算得到的浅化波浪层流边界层内瞬时流速剖面、振荡速度幅值和时均流速剖面均与水槽实验数据吻合较好,在此基础上探讨了浅化波浪边界层流速分布特性及其影响机制。随着波浪的浅化变形,边界层内时均流速剖面"底部向岸、上部离岸"的变化特征越来越明显。这是二阶对流项引起的波致雷诺应力和离岸回流引起的时均水平压强梯度共同作用的结果,在床面附近由波致雷诺应力占主导作用并趋于引起向岸流动,在上部区域由时均水平压强梯度占主导作用并趋于引起离岸流动。