Study on the threshold value of organic enrichment of carbonate as gas source rocks

In this paper, calculations have been performed about gas quantity of generation, adsorption, dissolving in oil, dissolving in water, diffusion of unit area carbonate rocks at different geologic conditions in the Tarim basin. According to the material balance principle, the corresponding organic carbon content when gas started expelling from source rocks with separate phases has been worked out. We regard it as the theoretical threshold value (TOCmin) of gas source rocks under the same geologic condition. Based on the simulating calculation, a fact has been discovered that TOCmin decreases with the increasing source rocks thickness, decreases at the beginning and then increases with the increasing maturity and decreases with the better type of organic matter. TOCmin evaluation table of carbonate gas source rocks in the Tarim basin has been established. Investigations indicate that the TOCmin of carbonate gas source rocks varies greatly with the differences of geologic conditions, and gas source rocks cannot be evaluated with a unified TOC threshold value. And we also establish a preliminary evaluation table of TOC industrial threshold value, TOCgy, of carbonate gas source rocks in the Tarim basin.     

Nonlinear analysis of the three-dimensional datum transformation [conformal group ℂ7(3)]

 The weighted Procrustes algorithm is presented as a very effective tool for solving the three-dimensional datum transformation problem. In particular, the weighted Procrustes algorithm does not require any initial datum parameters for linearization or any iteration procedure. As a closed-form algorithm it only requires the values of Cartesian coordinates in both systems of reference. Where there is some prior information about the variance–covariance matrix of the two sets of Cartesian coordinates, also called pseudo-observations, the weighted Procrustes algorithm is able to incorporate such a quality property of the input data by means of a proper choice of weight matrix. Such a choice is based on a properly designed criterion matrix which is discussed in detail. Thanks to the weighted Procrustes algorithm, the problem of incorporating the stochasticity measures of both systems of coordinates involved in the seven parameter datum transformation problem [conformal group ℂ₇(3)] which is free of linearization and any iterative procedure can be considered to be solved. Illustrative examples are given. Received: 7 January 2002 / Accepted: 9 September 2002 Correspondence to: E. W. Grafarend     

错格实数傅里叶变换微分算子及其在非均匀介质波动传播研究中的应用

提出一种新的数值微分运算方法，即错格实数傅里叶变换微 分法. 该方法的运算速度 比错格复数傅里叶变换数值微分解法快0.33倍；因为该微分算法在整个微分运算过程中保留 了奈奎斯特分量，使得它比普通分格的实数傅里叶变换数值微分算法的精度高，稳定性好. 将该方法和Cagniard De Hoop解析法在求解半无限空间地震波动的问题中进行比较，结果 表明，新微分法的精度和解析方法的精度相同. 在非均匀介质中的地震波传播数值模拟的结 果表明，该方法是一种研究非均匀介质中地震波传播问题的有效的数值微分方法.     

The Effectiveness of Flood Damage Reduction Measures in the Montreal Region

The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of two flood damage reduction measures – designation and dyking of floodplains. The study was carried out in four Quebec municipalities located on the shores of Lac des Deux-Montagnes and Riviére des Mille-Iles, namely Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac, Saint-Eustache, Rosemére and Bois-des-Filion. Criteria for selecting the study areas were: area of the flood-risk zone, presence or absence of dykes, presence or absence of buildings, and availability of data. The study areas were selected with the help of flood risk maps of the Greater Montreal region. In each area, information on the number of buildings and their economic value was taken from the municipality's property assessment database. Trends in the occupancy and value of floodplains were identified and compared. The results of the study show that, as in other regions of Canada, flood damage reduction measures based on designation and mapping of floodplains have had no impact on occupancy, have failed to reduce flood damages, and have not even halted increases in such damages.     

同步耦合断裂及其动力学依据

通过对地球自转速率变化推动构造运动的可能性以及地球自转角速度变化的原因和依据的讨论，提出地球自转惯性力差是决定板块相对运动趋势的主要动力学因素之一，揭示了加速期和减速期经、纬向构造之间的分布规律性，认为经、纬向构造之间的耦合关系是一种客观存在，同步耦合断裂就是由地球自转速率变化所反映的动力学状态决定的。同时，笔者对同步耦合断裂概念及耦合区构造组合的研究意义进行了探讨。     

瑞雷面波在填海造地强夯检测工程中的应用

瑞雷面波在填海造地强夯效果检测中 ,较常规静力学方法具有成本低、效率高、适宜大面积检测的人工地震勘测方法。本文以漳州后石电厂填海造地的强夯效果检测为例 ,给出瑞雷面波检测方法在强夯效果检测应用的技术途径、技术方案 ,并对检测效果进行分析     

Mixing Methodologies in Seismic Hazard Assessment via a Logic Tree Procedure: An Application for Eastern Spain

This study provides a procedure for assessing seismic hazardand uncertainties in regions that are characterised by a large non-instrumental earthquakedatabase and a seismic and tectonic behaviour which doesn't allow an evident seismic zonation.This procedure is a synthesis of the non-zoning or non-parametric methodology (using extremevalues distribution functions as proposed by Epstein and Lomnitz, 1966) and the zoning orparametric methodology (using the theorem of total probability as proposed by Cornell, 1968)via a logic tree procedure taking into consideration the advantages offered by each of these.Taking the area which we shall describe as the east coast of Spain and surrounding inland areas,an application was made and a specific logic tree was developed in order to solve the problems anduncertainties related to the evaluation of the seismic hazard using both methodologies. The use of thelogic tree allowed the systematisation of a large number of solutions obtained. A number of relevantresults were obtained which show that in some cases there are great differences in the seismichazard results provided by the non-zoning and the zoning methodologies. In these cases, mean value andstandard deviation of the obtained results provide an intermediate solution to the over-conservativeestimation provided by the non-zoning methodology and the lowest results provided by the zoningmethodology. In other cases results provided by both methodologies are significantly closer.In any case, synthesis among both methodologies gives a wider knowledge of the uncertaintiesassociated with the seismic hazard results. Finally uncertainties increase with the decreaseof the annual probability of exceedence and in sites with a seismic history of large size earthquakes.     

四川螺髻山旅游资源及其开发战略研究

四川古冰川遗迹发育螺髻山是川西南的重要风景名胜区。以螺髻山为中心，周边旅游资源综合性强、类型多、品位高、功能齐全。本文从旅游资源、区位、社会环境等方面，系统分析开发螺髻山的优势条件和制约因素，论述其开发价值和可行性，提出了开发发展战略构思。     

最大效果测度值法研究矿井突水水源

为了快速准确地查清矿井突水水源，排除水患对生产的影响，利用最大效果测度值燕子山矿14-2＃煤层顶板砂岩裂隙水，其导水通道为工作面所在盘区发育的F23和F38正断层。最大效果测度值为矿井防治水工作提供了一个新的思路。     

Possible Carbonate Origin of Ore Sulfur from Geumseong Mo Deposit, South Korea

Abstract: In order to know the cause of the high δ³⁴S values of the Korean ore deposits (Ishihara et al., 2000), Geumseong molybdenum skarn deposit and related Jurassic granitoids and Cambro-Ordovician carbonates were selected for the δ³⁴S analyses. Two sulfide samples occurring in hydrothermal veins in fresh granitoids quarry at Songhaksan yielded δ³⁴S values of +6.9 and +8.8 permil. These are slightly higher than +5.3 permil δ³⁴S of the averaged rock sulfides for the Jurassic Daebo granitoids. Pyrite and molybdenite from the Geumseong deposit vary from +8.6 to +11.5 permil (average + 10.7 permil). The intruded carbonates contain very low amount of SSS (structurally substituted sulfate) as 2.9 to 8.1 ppm with high δ³⁴S values between +28.8 and + 40.0 permil, and sulfides sulfur of 52 to 779 ppm with variable δ³⁴S values between +3.2 and +22.5 per–mil. It is concluded that sulfur of the host carbonates was extracted and migrated into the skarn deposit at the time of the granitoid intrusion and the related hydrothermal convection, on the basis of the location of the skarn deposit occurring between the carbonates and Jurassic granitoids, and of very low contents of SSS sulfur in the carbonates. A part of SSS possibly contaminated into the Jurassic granite.