不同含量水解鱼蛋白添加对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、血浆和肌肉游离氨基酸含量及后肠组织形态的影响

为研究水解鱼蛋白(FPH)对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长的影响,本实验以60%的鱼粉(FM)组为正对照组,以复合植物蛋白源替代40%的FM作为负对照组(含36%的FM),在负对照组的基础上添加3个梯度水平(3%、6%、9%)的FPH作为实验组,分别喂养大菱鲆幼鱼74 d。研究表明,与负对照组相比,添加6%和9%的FPH可显著提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能,并达到与正对照组相似的效果。添加不同含量的FPH会改善大菱鲆幼鱼的后肠形态,且改善状况随添加量的增加而愈加明显,当FPH添加水平达到9%时,可显著增加大菱鲆幼鱼后肠的肠绒毛直径比、肠上皮细胞高度和微绒毛高度。与负对照组相比,9%FPH组显著提高了血浆和肌肉中必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和总氨基酸浓度。此外,饲料中添加6%和9%的FPH显著促进了PepT1的基因表达量。研究结果表明,水解鱼蛋白是一种潜在的替代鱼粉的有效蛋白源,可起到改善大菱鲆幼鱼生长指标、提高机体游离氨基酸含量和促进肠道吸收能力的作用。     

低温弱光对设施番茄苗期营养物质和干物质分配的影响

本试验以PAR （光合有效辐射）800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，温度25℃为对照（CK），设置6个处理[L1T1（PAR 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，4℃）、L1T2（PAR 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，6℃）、L1T3（PAR 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，8℃）、L2T1（PAR 400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，4℃）、L2T2（PAR 400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，6℃）和L2T3（PAR 400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，8℃）]，分别处理6、12、24、48和72 h，以研究低温弱光双重胁迫对番茄苗期干物质分配以及不同器官的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量的影响.结果表明：低温弱光双重胁迫使地下部分干物质分配比例减小，而对地上部分干物质分配比例无显著影响，地下部分的干物质分配比例随时间的变化与地上部分相反；低温弱光胁迫显著降低了番茄茎和叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸的含量；根的可溶性糖含量随胁迫时间的变化趋势与地上部分不一致，但根、茎、叶片的可溶性糖含量均以L2T3处理72 h含量最高，分别为94.88、77.09和41.62 mg·g^-1；根的可溶性蛋白含量随胁迫时间的变化趋势与地上部分不一致，茎和叶片的可溶性蛋白含量均以L2T3处理12 h最高，以L1T1处理72 h最低；不同器官的游离氨基酸含量随胁迫时间的变化趋势与可溶性蛋白相反；弱光对番茄干物质和营养物质含量的影响小于低温.研究证实苗期番茄在低温弱光胁迫前期，干物质和营养物质先向地上部分分配，胁迫24 h后则更多地向根系积累.     

银在含氨基酸热液中的物理化学行为

考虑到银主要富集在中低温热液阶段，同时考虑到成矿溶液中氨基酸的存在及其不同类型，对含银矿物样品在中性、碱性和酸性氨基酸热液中的物理化学行为分别进行了实验研究。结果表明，含有酸性氨基酸（谷氨酸）的热水溶液，比仅含ＮａＣｌ的热卤水、含碱性氨基酸（赖氨酸）和中性氨基酸（氨基乙酸和氨基丙酸）的热水溶液，更有利于银的活化和迁移。实验同时表明，银与各氨基酸形成的易溶配位化合物的稳定性受到温度的强烈影响。在２５℃左右，是银－氨基酸配位化合物稳定存在的最适宜温度条件；在１００℃以上，随温度的逐渐升高，银在含氨基酸热液中的溶出量明显减少。表明银－氨基酸的配位化合物强烈地分解，而使银得以更多地沉积。银在含氨基酸热液中的这种物理化学行为，和铅在含有酸性氨基酸（谷氨酸）、铜在含有碱性氨基酸（赖氨酸）热液中的活化、迁移与沉积作用不无相似之处     

南黄海溶解态氨基酸组成特征及DON生物可利用性研究

生物可利用性有机氮(BDON)在海洋生态系统氮循环中起着关键作用, 氨基酸是BDON的重要组成部分, 也是DON生物可利用性的重要指示物。本研究阐述2021年春、夏季南黄海水体中总溶解氨基酸(THAA)组成和时空分布特征, 并对南黄海DON生物可利用性进行分析。南黄海DON物质的量的浓度(下文简称浓度)分布呈现近岸高、远岸低的特征, 夏季THAA水平分布上呈现北高南低的特征。夏季南黄海THAA的平均浓度(1.11±0.34μmol/L)略高于春季(0.98±0.28 μmol/L) 而DON平均浓度春季(8.17±5.06 μmol/L)明显高于夏季(5.72±2.82 μmol/L)。南黄海氨基酸主要由丝氨酸、甘氨酸+苏氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸等构成, 其占总氨基酸的比例春季(61.51%)略低于夏季(65.69%)。南黄海以硅藻为主的浮游植物群落是水体氨基酸的重要来源, 浒苔绿潮暴发显著影响了水体氨基酸的组成。夏初浒苔绿潮进入消亡和降解阶段, 这可能是南黄海35°N以北海域DON具有很高的生物可利用性的重要原因。     

矿物—氨基酸水溶液的表面离子化及溶解作用研究

在矿物－氨基酸－水组成的多相体系中，矿物在氨基酸中的溶解作用是一个复杂的过程，其矿物的成分、结构和表面离子化是影响矿物溶解和络合的重要因素。水镁石、纤蛇纹石、硅灰石由于表面羟基化，在氨基酸水溶液中有较高的溶解度，溶解以配合作用为主；坡缕石、海泡石层状硅酸盐矿物表面羟基化作用较弱，与氨基酸的作用为配合作用和吸附作用并存，以后者为主；沸石矿物则以吸附作用为主。在中性氨基酸水溶液中，矿物的溶解度大小为：水镁石＞纤蛇纹石＞硅灰石＞海泡石＞坡缕石＞斜发沸石。     

Monthly changes of glycogen, lipid and free amino acid of oyster

Monthly difference of the chemical composition of oyster cultured along the eastern coast of Shandong Province was analyzed. The components analyzed included glycogen, fatty acid and free amino acid （FAA）. The content of glycogen was high in January and March （2.89 and 2.82 g（100 g） ^-1 on average, respectively） and low in October （2.07g（100g）^- 1 on average）. The low content of neutral lipids in October reflected a relatively poor nutritional value of oyster （1.42 g（ 100 g）^- 1 on average）. The main fatty acids of oyster were palmitic acid （16：0）, oleic acid （18： 1）, eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA, 20： 5（0 3） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA, 22：6（0 3）. The major FAAs of oyster were Taurine, Glutamicacid, Glycin, Alanine, Arginine and Proline. Taurine was the most abundant FAA with its content ranging from 603 mg（100 g） ^-1 to 1 139 mg（ 100 g） ^-1. The high contents of glycogen, polyunsaturated fatty acid and FAA showed that oyster cultured along the eastern coast of Shandong Province was nutritionally good in January and March.     

羰基化合物与还原性氮的液相反应及其对棕色碳贡献的研究进展

棕色碳是一类重要的吸光性有机气溶胶,对全球辐射强迫有重要贡献。其化学成分和形成机制是地球科学研究的前沿和难点。模拟实验结果表明,羰基化合物和还原性氮的液相反应产物在近紫外波段具有较强的吸光性,且化学成分复杂,难以分离和鉴定。本研究回顾了基于实验室羰基化合物和还原性氮的反应速率、反应机制,以及反应产物中吸光组分的化学成分和光学性质;总结了反应条件(反应物种类、浓度、溶液酸度、温度和相对湿度)对反应速率和吸光组分形成的影响;并指出了外场观测和模型研究对这一贡献认识的不足。     

多孔纤维矿物在氨基酸水溶液中的溶解性及其生物持久性研究

在模拟人体温度３７℃条件下,进行多孔纤维矿物粉尘与氨基酸作用的实验研究。在７２ｈ内溶解过程中ｐＨ值和电导率的变化结果表明,多孔纤维矿物在氨基酸中发生的溶解作用与到的性质有关,酸性氨基酸对矿物的溶解能力最强,中性次之,碱性最弱。其溶解过程在前８ｈ以内较强,以后趋于平缓,纤维矿物在氨基酸中的溶解程度从小到大为：斜发沸石－坡缕石、海泡石－蛇纹石,说明斜发沸石有较强的耐蚀能力,其生物持久性较高,而蛇纹石石     

Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island,on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America

Competition between taxa related to climate changes has been proposed as a possible factor in Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, and here we present isotope evidence of the diets of three co-existing bear species [black bear (Ursus americanus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), and the now extinct short-faced bear (Arctodus simus)] from a locale in western North America dating to the Late (Terminal) Pleistocene (~14.5–11.7 ka). The three bear species were found at several sites on Vancouver Island, on the western coast of Canada. To examine the chronological overlap and niche partitioning between these species of bear, we used direct radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis and ZooMS proteomic identification methods. Here we present new radiocarbon evidence from Terminal Pleistocene U. americanus, U. arctos and A. simus from several sites on the island, along with both bulk collagen and compound-specific isotope data for these species. Radiocarbon dates confirm the chronological overlap of Arctodus and both Ursus species in the montane regions of the island at the end of the Pleistocene. Stable isotope data reveal niche differentiation between these species, with U. americanus occupying a distinctly lower trophic position than the other two taxa.     

Chronology of Early to Mid-Pleistocene sediments in the northern North Sea: New evidence from amino acid and strontium isotope analyses

Sediments deposited during glacial-interglacial cycles through the Early to Mid-Pleistocene in the North Sea are chronologically poorly constrained. To contribute to the chronology of these units, amino acid racemization (AAR) and strontium (Sr) isotope analyses have been performed on samples from four shallow borings and one oil well along a transect in the northern North Sea. D/L Asp (aspartic acid) values obtained through reverse-phase liquid chromatography in the benthic foraminiferal species Elphidium excavatum is focused on because of consistent results and a good stratigraphic distribution of this benthic species. For the Early Pleistocene, an age model for the well 16/1–8, from the central part of the northern North Sea based on Sr ages allows for dating of the prograding wedges filling the pre-Quaternary central basin. A regional calibration curve for the racemization of Asp in Elphidium excavatum is developed using published ages of radiocarbon-dated samples and samples associated with the previously identified Bruhnes/Matuyama (B/M) paleomagnetic boundary and a Sr age from this study. Based on all the available geochronological evidence, samples were assigned to marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) with uncertainties on the order of 10–70 ka.Sr ages suggest a hiatus of <2 million years (Ma) possibly due to non-deposition or low sedimentation between the Utsira Formation (Pliocene) and the Early Pleistocene. An increase in sedimentation rates around 1.5 ± 0.07 Ma (∼MIS 51) may partly be due to sediment supply from rivers from the south-east and partly due to the extension of ice sheet around 1.36 ± 0.07 Ma from the Norwegian coast to the central North Sea. A possible basin-wide glaciation occurred around 1.1 Ma (∼ MIS 32) (upper regional unconformity/top of unit Q4 in this study), resulting in erosion and regional unconformity. Two interglacials in the Norwegian Channel have been dated: the Radøy Interglacial to 1.07 ± 0.01 Ma (possibly MIS 31, the ‘super interglacial’), and the Norwegian Trench Interglacial to 0.50 ± 0.02 Ma (possibly MIS 13). A massive till unit identified at the same stratigraphic level in all shallow borings may partly represent an extensive MIS 12 glaciation. This study shows that the combined use of amino acid racemization data and Sr isotope chronology can refine the chronological ambiguities of Quaternary North Sea sediments related partly to the impact of glacial processes.