论与核电厂址安全有关的自然灾害调查——以福建长乐漳港仙岐显应宫遗址埋没原因调查为例

本文以福建长乐显应宫遗址埋没原因调查为例,论述了对于可能影响核电站厂址安全的自然灾害,开展调查评价的技术思路和内容。希望对类似灾害的调查评价有所帮助。     

Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbon Contaminants:Correlation of Biodegradation with Hydraulic Conductivity in a Field Case Study

Two biodegradation models are developed torepresent natural attenuation of fuel－hydrocarbon contaminants as observed in a comprehensive natural-gradient tracer test in a heterogeneous aquifer on the Columbus Air Force Basein Mississippi,USA．The first, a first-order mass loss model,describes the irreversible losses of BTEX and its individual components, i．e．,benzene（B）,toluene（T）,ethyl benzene（E）,and xylene（X）．The second, a reactive pathway model,describe ssequential degradation pathways for BTEX utilizing multiple electron acceptors,including oxygen,nitrate,iron and sulfate,and via methanogenesis．The heterogeneous aquifer is represented by multiple hydraulic conductivity（ K） zones delineated on the basis of numerous flowmeter K measurements．A direct propagation artificial neural network（DPN）is used as an inverse modeling tool to estimate the biodegradation rate constants associated with each of the K zones．In both the mass loss model and the reactive pathway model,the biodegradation rate constants show an increasing trend with the hydraulic conductivity．The finding of correlation between biodegradation kinetics and hydraulic conductivity distributions is of general interest and relevance to characterization and modeling of natural attenuation of hydrocarbons in other petroleum-product contaminated sites．     

A sand-production control system for gas production from clayey silt hydrate reservoirs

Sand production is a crucial problem during the process of extracting natural gas from hydrate reservoirs. To deal with sand-production problems systematically, a sand-production control system (SCS) is first proposed in this paper, specialized for pore-distributed clayey silt hydrate reservoirs. Secondly, a nodal system analysis method (NSAM) is applied to analyze the sand migration process during hydrate exploitation. The SCS is divided into three sub-systems, according to different sand migration mechanisms, and three key scientific problems and advances in SCS research in China Geological Survey are reviewed and analyzed. The maximum formation sanding rate, proper sand-control gravel size, and borehole blockage risk position were provided for clayey hydrate exploitation wells based on the SCS analysis. The SCS sub-systems are closely connected via bilateral coupling, and coordination of the subsystems is the basis of maintaining formation stability and prolonging the gas production cycle. Therefore, contradictory mitigation measures between sand production and operational systems should be considered preferentially. Some novel and efficient hydrate exploitation methods are needed to completely solve the contradictions caused by sand production.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

大兴安岭天保工程区生态系统服务变化研究

利用Landsat和MODIS遥感数据和InVEST模型,评估了1990―2015年大兴安岭天保工程区实施前后生态系统土壤风蚀量、生境质量和碳储量的时空变化,并通过地理探测器方法对生态系统服务时空变化分布与趋势进行驱动因子探测和交互作用探测分析。结果表明：① 从空间分布来看,额尔古纳市南部、鄂温克族自治旗西北部、科尔沁右翼前旗的土壤风蚀量大,生境质量差,碳储量低。② 2000年天保工程实施之后,森林面积显著增加,土壤风蚀量减少1.14%,生境质量增加0.49%,碳储量减少幅度为0.12%,低于2000年以前的0.64%。③ 土壤风蚀量主要受植被类型、土壤类型的影响,生态系统类型、植被类型对生境质量、碳储量空间异质性的影响显著大于其他因素,海拔、坡度2种地形因子对土壤风蚀量、碳储量的解释能力很小。温度、降水2种气候因子对土壤风蚀量、生境质量和碳储量的解释能力不固定,但仍是不可或缺的因素。     

我国旅游地理研究格局及热点分析

以国家自然科学基金2000—2019年资助的560项旅游类课题为数据来源,对课题立项的时空分布、承担单位、负责人等进行统计分析,构建由6个主类和15个亚类组成的旅游地理问题分类体系,运用词频统计和内容分析法,总结我国旅游地理研究格局和热点发展态势。研究发现：2000年至2019年间,自然基金委对旅游类课题的资助力度不断加强,总体呈先缓慢、后迅速增长、再大幅提升后保持平稳发展的态势,资助空间分布呈“东高西低”的特点,课题依托单位明显优势集中,课题承担人则呈离散分布;旅游流、旅游产业发展、旅游交通等研究主题热度逐渐减弱,旅游者行为和感知、旅游的社会文化影响、旅游地空间、典型旅游地保护和开发、旅游生态环境等主题热度明显上升,在此基础上对各热点主题历年变化特征和规律进行归纳总结。本文更新和拓展了以往同类研究发现,对旅游学者进行研究选题和课题申报有参考和指导意义。     

Spinning in circles? A systematic review on the role of theory in social vulnerability,resilience and adaptation research

An increasing number of publications focus on social vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation (SVRA) towards natural hazards and climate change. Despite this proliferation of research, a systematic understanding of how these studies are theoretically grounded is lacking. Here, we systematically reviewed 4432 articles that address SVRA in various disciplinary fields (e.g. psychology, sociology, geography, mathematics) for various hazards, including floods, droughts, landslides, storm surges, wildfires, tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcano eruptions. We focus on the extent to which these studies explicate the frameworks, theoretical constructs or theories they rely on. Surprisingly, we found that about 90% of the reviewed studies do not explicitly refer to a theoretical underpinning. Overall, theories focusing on individuals’ SVRA were more frequently used than those focusing on systems, society, groups, and networks. Moreover, the uptake of theories varied according to the hazard investigated and field of knowledge, being more frequent in wildfire and flood studies and articles published in social science journals. Based on our analysis, we propose a reflexive handling of theories to foster more transparent, comparable, and robust empirical research on SVRA.     

基于HJ-1A高光谱影像的湿地精细分类

混合像元的存在不仅影响了基于高光谱影像的地物识别和分类精度,而且已成为遥感科学向定量化发展的主要障碍。本文以扎龙湿地为试验区,以环境一号卫星采集的高光谱影像为数据源,分别采用传统的全约束最小二乘光谱解混算法(fully constrained least squares spectral unmixing algorithm, FCLS)与基于稀疏约束最小二乘光谱解混算法(sparse constrained least squares spectral unmixing algorithm, SUFCLS)实现了试验区湿地的精细分类,并对两种分类结果的表现及其分类精度进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：SUFCLS算法能够自适应的从光谱库中选择场景中所占比例最高的一组端元,并将此端元的组合应用于传统的全约束最小二乘光谱解混中实现不同湿地类型丰度的提取,该算法充分考虑了端元的空间异质性,弥补了FCLS算法在端元选取过程中的不足。精度验证结果表明与FCLS算法相比,SUFCLS算法分类结果的均方根误差更小,丰度的相关系数更高,因此该方法对于提高湿地解混精度以及实现湿地精细化分类具有重要意义。     

The progress of human geography in China under the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China

This paper analyzes the role of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in advancing human geography in China by focusing on five key research areas: land use, urban systems and urban agglomeration, economic globalization, climate change and social and cultural geographies. All NSFC-funded human geography programs related to these five topics from 1986 to 2017 comprise the sample for analysis, and the research topics, content, teams, and peer-reviewed journal publications supported by these programs are investigated. Specifically, this paper analyzes the NSFC’s promotion of the expansion of research topics in response to national developmental needs and the shifting frontiers of human geography research internationally, its enhancement of interdisciplinary research, and its contributions to the assembly of specialized research teams. The paper also reports important progress in Chinese human geography over the past 30 years through the institutional lens of the NSFC, revealing major characteristics and trends in the discipline. The paper concludes by calling for further collaboration between the research community and the NSFC for the development of a locally suitable and globally influential Chinese human geography.     

国家自然科学基金项目资助的地貌学研究现状与效应

通过对2010-2015年国家自然科学基金资助下地貌学研究项目的总体状况、项目类型、依托单位、研究区域、人才队伍、研究热点、成果产出、获奖及社会效应等方面的分析,归纳概括地貌学的研究现状与态势等。结果表明：近5年来,地貌学获得的资助项目呈上升趋势,相关研究不断深入,各类研究团队显著壮大;研究系统已由高等院校为主逐渐发展成高等院校与科研机构并行的格局;不同地域地貌学研究的发展程度、研究对象及热点问题均表现出一定的区域不均衡性;构造、河流水文、黄土、冰川、风沙等是目前中国地貌学研究的主体方向。从资助项目的研究成果和产生效应来看,地貌学研究得到恢复和较快速发展,发表论文的数量和质量稳步提升,资助项目成果获奖层次高、社会效益显著。     

Dehydration experiments on natural omphacites: qualitative and quantitative characterization by various spectroscopic methods

A series of natural omphacites from a wide range of P, T occurrences were investigated by electron microprobe (EMP), infrared (IR)-, Mössbauer (MS)- and optical spectroscopy in the UV/VIS spectral range (UV/VIS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and single crystal structure refinement by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the influence of hydrogen loss on valence state and site occupancies of iron. In accordance with literature data we found Fe²⁺ at M1 as well as at M2, and in a first approach assigned Fe³⁺ to M1, as indicated by MS and XRD results. Hydrogen content of three of our omphacite samples were measured by SIMS. In combination with IR spectroscopy we determined an absorption coefficient: ε _i,tot = 65,000 ± 3,000 lmol_H2O ^?1 cm^?2. Using this new ε _i,tot value, we obtained water concentrations ranging from 60 to 700 ppm H₂O (by weight). Hydrogen loss was simulated by stepwise heating the most water rich samples in air up to 800°C. After heat treatment the samples were analyzed again by IR, MS, UV/VIS, and XRD. Depending on the type of the OH defect, the grade of dehydration with increasing temperature is significantly different. In samples relatively poor in Fe³⁺ (<0.1 Fe³⁺ pfu), hydrogen associated with vacancies at M2 (OH bands around 3,450 cm^?1) starts to leave the structure at about 550°C and is completely gone at 780°C. Hydrogen associated with Al³⁺ at the tetrahedral site (OH bands around 3,525 cm^?1, Koch-Müller et al., Am Mineral, 89:921–931, 2004) remains completely unaffected by heat treatment up to 700°C. But all hydrogen vanished at about 775°C. However, this is different for a more Fe³⁺-rich sample (0.2 Fe³⁺ pfu). Its IR spectrum is characterized by a very intense OH band at 3,515 cm^?1 plus shoulder at 3,450 cm^?1. We assign this intense high-energy band to vibrations of an OH dipole associated with Fe³⁺ at M1 and a vacancy either at M1 or M2. OH release during heating is positively correlated with decrease in Fe²⁺ and combined with increase in Fe³⁺. That dehydration is correlated with oxidation of Fe²⁺ is indirectly confirmed by annealing of one sample in a gas mixing furnace at 700°C under reducing conditions keeping almost constant OH^? content and giving no indication of Fe²⁺-oxidation. Obtained data indicate that in samples with a relatively high concentration of Fe²⁺ at M2 and low-water concentrations, i.e., at a ratio of Fe^{2+ M2}/H > 10 dehydration occurs by iron oxidation of Fe²⁺ exclusively at the M2 site following the reaction: \( {\left[ {{\text{Fe}}^{{{\text{2 + [ M2]}}}}{\text{OH}}^{ - } } \right]} = {\left[ {{\text{Fe}}^{{{\text{3 + [ M2]}}}} {\text{O}}^{{{\text{2}} - }} } \right]} + {\text{1/2}}\;{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} \uparrow . \) In samples having relatively low concentration of Fe²⁺ at M2 but high-water concentrations, i.e., ratio of Fe^{2+ M2}/H < 5.0 dehydration occurs through oxidation of Fe²⁺ at M1.