<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>W</Subscript>9 Tohoku earthquake in 2011 in Japan: precursors uncovered by natural time analysis

This paper reviews the precursory phenomena of the 2011 M _W9 Tohoku earthquake in Japan that emerge solely when we analyze the seismicity data in a new time domain termed natural time. If we do not consider this analysis, important precursory changes cannot be identified and hence are missed. Natural time analysis has the privilege that enables the introduction of an order parameter of seismicity. In this frame, we find that the fluctuations of this parameter exhibit an unprecedented characteristic change, i.e., an evident minimum, approximately two months before Tohoku earthquake, which strikingly is almost simultaneous with unique anomalous geomagnetic field variations recorded mainly on the z component. This is consistent with our finding that such a characteristic change in seismicity appears when a seismic electric signal (SES) activity of the VAN method (from the initials of Varotsos, Alexopoulos, Nomicos) initiates, and provides a direct confirmation of the physical interconnection between SES and seismicity.     

长江口北支沉积物粒度特征及其环境意义

通过对长江口北支兴隆沙XL2孔沉积物的粒度特征、环境磁学特征及微体古生物特征的分析,揭示长江口北支潮流沉积沙体的演变规律,进而推测长江口北支的演变规律,为长江口北支的开发整治提供科学依据。     

Petrography and Geochemistry of Peridotite Xenoliths from Hannuoba and Significance for Lithospheric Mantle Evolution

Mantle-derived xenoliths and xenocrysts in Pale-ozoic diamondiferous ki mberlites in Mengyin (Shan-dong Province) and Fuxian (Liaoning Province) showthe presence of a cold,thick lithospheric mantle be-neath the North China craton ( NCC) in the MiddleOrdovician ( Griffin et al ., 1998 ; Menzies et al .,1993 ;Fan and Menzies ,1992) . However ,studies onmantle peridotites captured in the Tertiary to Neo-gene basalts of the NCC have revealed the existenceof a thin, hot and fertile lithosph…     

辽河盆地东部凹陷热历史及构造—热演化特征

根据辽河盆地东部凹陷大地热流测量和镜质体反射率数据,恢复了该区的热历史,结果表明:东部凹陷热流呈现古热流高现今热流低的变化特征,沙河街组三段沉积期到东营组沉积期(距今43～25Ma)盆地热流为66～82mWm2,现今热流值为47～70mWm2。构造沉降史分析显示,盆地经历了早期的裂谷阶段(距今43～25Ma)和后期的热沉降阶段,裂谷阶段包含了两个裂谷亚旋回。盆地现今较低的大地热流和较高的古热流及典型的裂谷型构造沉降样式为东部凹陷的构造—热演化提供了重要认识。     

北黄海盆地东部坳陷不同物源影响下储层的成岩演化

以北黄海盆地东部坳陷中生界碎屑岩储层为研究对象,运用岩石薄片光学显微鉴定、阴极发光和扫描电镜等技术方法和手段分析成岩特征,探讨不同物源-沉积体系控制下储层的成岩演化。研究认为,东部坳陷中生界储层主要处于中成岩阶段A期,发育的主要成岩作用类型为压实作用、胶结作用、凝灰质脱玻化作用、交代作用、蚀变作用和溶蚀-溶解作用,其中,东部地区压实作用强度要高于西南和北部地区,北部地区碳酸盐胶结物的含量明显高于其他地区,东部地区以凝灰质胶结为特征并发生凝灰质脱玻化作用,西南部以黏土矿质胶结为特征并发生明显的黏土矿物转化现象,西南和北部地区的溶蚀/溶解作用的发育程度要好于东部地区。综合分析认为,研究区不同物源沉积区储层具有差异的成岩特征,表现为不同的储层序列,从而影响储层的成岩演化。     

围垦工程引起多年海岸冲淤演变的经验计算方法

提出了一个改进的经验公式,用以计算围垦工程引起的淤泥质海岸多年冲淤演变。该经验公式假定在年时间尺度上,地形变化与潮流场变化具有密切联系。引入了一个冲刷折减系数,将传统公式的适用范围从淤积计算拓展到可以同时计算冲刷和淤积。建立了冲淤率年际变化与水深变化之间的关系式,可节省计算时间。将改进公式应用于江苏沿海小庙洪水道,较好地复演了边滩围垦工程影响下周边地形在3年时间内的演变,表明所改进的公式具有一定的可靠性。     

人工砾石海滩变化及输移率研究

在我国采用砾石海滩在某些强动力区域进行海滩养护是一种新的尝试,具有很好的适用性。以厦门天泉湾人工砾石滩为研究对象,对2015年至2016年间10条海滩剖面开展了5次周期性监测,通过综合分析,得出在人工砾石滩竣工完成后的一年时间内,滩肩外沿线、岸线及滩面底角的砂砾分界线大幅度后退,滩肩宽度变窄;滩肩外沿线明显隆起,形成滩肩脊线;滩面坡度变大,且上游侧海滩的滩面普遍比下游侧海滩的滩面陡,一年后,岸滩整体变化趋于稳定。针对砾石滩不断向西南方向运移的现状,采用Leo C.van Rijn输移率公式计算砾石滩年平均输移率,并通过测量断面法、体积变化量法对Leo C.van Rijn公式计算结果进行验证,得出砾石滩年平均输移率的范围约为1 015.66~2 392.5 m~3/a。     

尼日尔盆地油藏水道沉积构型识别及演化规律

深海水道作为深水环境中重要的储层类型,具有极为丰富的深海油气资源,近年来一直是深海油田勘探和开发的重点区域,但对水道内部构型边界的识别刻画仍然是一个难点。依据三维地震数据以及测井和岩心资料,对西非X油藏水道进行了内部构型边界的精细划分,并分析了其水道演化模式。研究表明：区内水道体系边界可通过地震相特征差异进行识别,并将其分为限制性、半限制性和非限制性3种类型;复合水道边界可通过“垂向分期”和“侧向划界”原则进行确定;单一水道边界可通过水道边界振幅强弱变化进行识别,其在平面上有单侧向迁移和沿下游摆动迁移2种迁移模式,在剖面上单向侧向迁移段水道呈侧向迁移的特征,沿下游摆动段呈现出多期水道相互摆动切叠的特征;水道体系的演化可划分为初始形成、快速发育、平稳发育以及水道消亡4个阶段,对应一个完整的海平面变化旋回。     

晚更新世以来内伶仃洋河口湾的地层层序和沉积演化

通过对内伶仃洋河口湾22个钻孔沉积物的高分辨14C测年、古生物鉴定、沉积物粒度及地球化学分析,开展了晚更新世地层划分,探讨了晚更新世以来的沉积演化过程。内伶仃洋河口湾地层被含花斑黏土层的风化层隔开,划分为上下2组,侵蚀面上下分别为全新统和上更新统地层。受晚更新世以来2次海侵的影响,内伶仃洋河口湾沉积演化分成了6个阶段,详细阐述了每个阶段的气候变化、海平面波动、沉积特征和沉积过程。     

Crustal transect across the North Atlantic

Two dimensional crustal models derived from four different ocean bottom seismographic (OBS) surveys have been compiled into a 1,580 km long transect across the North Atlantic, from the Norwegian Møre coast, across the extinct Aegir Ridge, the continental Jan Mayen Ridge, the presently active Kolbeinsey Ridge north of Iceland, into Scoresby Sund in East Greenland. Backstripping of the transect suggests that the continental break-up at ca. 55 Ma occurred along a west-dipping detachment localized near the western end of a ca. 300 km wide basin thinned to less than 20 km crustal thickness. It is likely that an east-dipping detachment near the present day Liverpool Land Escarpment was active during the late stages of continental rifting. A lower crustal high-velocity layer (7.2–7.4 km/s) interpreted as mafic intrusions/underplating, was present beneath the entire basin. The observations are consistent with the plume hypothesis, involving the Early Tertiary arrival of a mantle plume beneath central Greenland and focused decompression melting beneath the thinnest portions of the lithosphere. The mid-Eocene to Oligocene continental extension in East Greenland is interpreted as fairly symmetric and strongly concentrated in the lower crustal layer. Continental break-up which rifted off the Jan Mayen Ridge, occurred at ca. 25 Ma, when the Aegir Ridge became extinct. The first ca. 2 m.y. of oceanic accretion along the Kolbeinsey Ridge was characterized by thin magmatic crust (ca. 5.5 km), whereas the oceanic crustal formation since ca. 23 Ma documents ca. 8 km thick crust and high magma budget.