Determination of groundwater flow-through regimes of shallow lakes and wetlands from numerical analysis of stable isotope and chloride tracer distribution patterns

A numerical model previously developed to systematically examine groundwater flow in vertical section near shallow surface water bodies such as lakes, wetlands and ponds is further developed to include simulation of the distribution patterns of hydrogeochemical and stable isotopic tracers in relation to the surface water body and the geometry of distribution patterns of the tracers in the groundwater release zone of the lake. Many different possible flow regimes are identified, however, in this paper attention is focused on flow-through water bodies, as these are the flow regimes observed in field validation. Two shallow lakes on the Swan Coastal Plain of south-west Western Australia are the subject of field studies where hydrogeochemical and stable isotopes are used to validate the flow-through groundwater flow regime predicted by the modelling confirming the validity of the approach. The flow regime transition diagrams introduced in earlier papers are extended to include consideration of the hydrogeochemical and stable isotopic indices Cl_L/Cl₊ and (1000+δ_L)/(1000+δ₊). These ratios are introduced as an additional two of nine non-dimensional ratios that are necessary to analyse the problem. The ratios represent the chloride and isotopic composition (Cl_L and δ_L), respectively, in the groundwater release zones of the lakes, relative to these parameters in the groundwater capture zone (Cl₊ and δ₊) for the lake. Field data from the case studies plotted on appropriately configured transition diagrams demonstrates the overall validity of the modelling approach and its underlying assumptions. It is concluded that isotopic and hydrogeochemical data are invaluable in interpreting the interaction between lakes or wetlands and regional aquifers as it is very difficult to make physical or hydraulic measurements in the field that allow an understanding of lake–aquifer interaction. The tools and concepts developed that are summarized in the presented transition diagrams are invaluable starting points for the consideration and analysis of other case-specific examples of groundwater–surface water interaction and will improve the scientific basis of decision-making concerning lake and wetland management and groundwater interaction by water resource and environmental managers.     

Bacterioplankton and phytoplankton production in seven lakes in the Middle Rio Doce basin, south-east Brazil

The purpose of this study was to measure the phytoplankton production (PP) and bacterial production (BP) simultaneously in seven lakes in the middle Rio Doce basin (southeast Brazil) during the dry and the rainy seasons. Limnological monitoring was conducted from 1999 to 2001 as well as both PP (radioactive carbon fixation) and BP (³H-Leucine incorporation) in four specific depths (100%, 10%, 1% of incident radiation, and aphotic zone). Furthermore, trophic state of the lakes was analyzed, considering the index proposed by Salas and Martino (1991) and Carlson (1977). In general, some parameters increased during the rainy season such as pH, conductivity, chlorophyll and total nitrogen. In the period of 1999/2000, the rain caused PP reduction in the lakes, excepting Carioca and Águas Claras Lake, but in the years 2000/2001, the lakes did not show a similar pattern. In contrast, the rainy season of both years caused an expressive bacterioplankton production enhancing. Using Salas and Martino index, we observed that some lakes were affected by the seasonal runoff, therefore the typologie of these lakes changed from oligotrophic to mesotrophic conditions, otherwise considering the Carlson index all lakes were classified as eutrophic in both dry and rainy seasons. Indeed, Salas and Martino index demonstrated to be more appropriate to determine the trophic status of the lakes. Finally, our data indicate that until now, in spite of the lakes location, protected and unprotected area, the lakes still maintain their natural characteristics.     

Quantifying climatic change through the last glacial–interglacial transition based on lake isotope palaeohydrology from central Turkey

Questions remain as to the nature of climatic change through the last glacial–interglacial transition in the eastern Mediterranean region, particularly the relative contribution of evaporation and precipitation to regional water balance. Here changes in oxygen isotope values through this time period from Eski Acıgöl, a crater lake in central Turkey, are investigated using hydrological and isotope mass balance models. These allow changes in evaporation and precipitation to be quantified and their relative importance evaluated. We show that it is the volumetric flux rate of water passing through the lake system and not the precipitation-to-evaporation ratio per se which controlled the stable isotope record in Eski Acıgöl. Early Holocene precipitation is shown to be much greater than that during both the latter part of the last glaciation and the present day. We test these calculated values against other records in the same region, firstly with other lake records in Anatolia, the Konya basin and Lake Van, and secondly with isotope-inferred palaeo-precipitation data from Soreq cave in Israel. This reveals a contrast between pre- and post-LGM precipitation values in Turkey (wetter and drier, respectively) and also suggests that during the last glacial–interglacial transition there was a more marked precipitation gradient than at present between northern/interior and southern/coastal parts of the eastern Mediterranean region.     

华北克拉通甘陶河群南寺组碎屑岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及构造意义

甘陶河群是华北克拉通前寒武纪典型地层之一,主要出露在河北省西北部。本文报道了甘陶河群南寺组碎屑岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征,主要认识如下:样品均属长石砂岩或石英砂屑岩,具有Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf亏损特征和负Sr异常;碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要分为三组:1800~2400Ma、2400~2600Ma和2600~3100Ma;甘陶河群南寺组最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为1861 Ma,结合甘陶河群上覆地层东焦群形成于约1.83Ga之后的地质事实,制约甘陶河群南寺组沉积上限范围1861~1830Ma。所有样品均具有约2.5Ga年龄峰值,记录了华北克拉通前寒武纪基底强烈构造岩浆热事件的时代,证明了华北克拉通前寒武纪基底主要由约2.5Ga岩石组成;中部带大陆地壳增生主要发生在约2.5Ga。     

Hydrochemistry of Three Dystrophic Lakes in Northeastern Poland

A hydrochemical investigation was carried out in spring, summer, and autumn, in the years 1991–1994, in three dystrophic lakes of the Wigry National Park (NE Poland). In spite of the fertile catchment basin, the developing ombrofile peat bogs of lake environment results in the acidification of lakes, the presence of small concentrations of dissolved mineral substances (below 50 mg L^–1), and exceptionally high DOC concentrations, exceeding 10 mg L^–1 C. During summer, a strong thermic stratification develops in the lakes, with constant conditions of oxygen deficiency prevailing below 3 m. In the course of the spring and autumn mixing of dystrophic lakes, the deterioration of oxygen conditions occurs in the epilimnion. In spite of high TP and NH₄⁺ concentrations, which increase from spring to autumn, the conditions developing in the lakes are unfavourable, for the functioning of aquatic organisms, on account of the strong shading. The increased direct irradiation of water bodies caused by deforestation or favourable atmospheric conditions results in an increased trophy of lakes.     

Cyanobacterial toxins in Italian freshwaters

This study focuses on the occurrence and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins from 1989 to 2006 in several Italian lakes of different characteristics and human uses, the latter including drinking water abstraction and recreation. Phytoplankton and LC/MS/MS toxin analyses were performed on surface water samples collected from 28 lakes. The most widespread species associated with toxin production belonged to the genera Microcystis, Planktothrix and Anabaena. Extracellular concentrations varied from non-detectable values up to 226.16 ng/mL for microcystins (sum of all variants), to 126 ng/mL for total cylindrospermopsin, and to 100 μg/g (dry weight) for anatoxin-a.The toxin concentrations in the lake waters did not always correlate with the cyanobacteria cell densities. This implies a need for control studies including toxin detection in water together with microscopic cell evaluations, in order to avoid possible toxin underestimates.     

安徽省河流和湖库型饮用水水源地水质评价

饮用水水源地的保护问题是关系国计民生的重大问题,饮用水水源地的水质问题越来越受到社会的关注.运用单因子标准指数法以及卡尔森指数法对安徽省境内91个县级以上的饮用水水源地的水质状况以及31个湖库型水源地富营养化程度进行了综合评价,并提出相应的防护措施.结果表明,全省91个饮用水水源地中水质达标的有83个,达标率为91.2%,其中,河流型水源地达标率为93.3%,湖库型水源地达标率为87%,地下水型水源地达标率为87%.     

高邮湖、南四湖和东平湖有色可溶性有机物来源组成特征

高邮湖、南四湖和东平湖作为南水北调东线枢纽湖泊,其水质状况对保障调水安全起到关键性作用本文运用三维荧光光谱平行因子分析法(EEMs-PARAFAC)分析了3个湖泊在不同水文情景下有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收、荧光光谱特征以及荧光组分与主要水质参数的相关性,以探究3个湖泊CDOM来源组成特征结果表明,平行因子分析法解析CDOM三维荧光图谱,得到陆源类腐殖质C1、类色氨酸C2和类酪氨酸C3不同水文情景对高邮湖CDOM来源与结构组成影响较明显,丰水期其类腐殖质荧光强度显著大于枯水期(t-test,P0.01),并且与a(254)呈正相关(R~2=0.85,P0.01),表明类腐殖质是CDOM主要部分,该荧光组分贡献率可达50%[F_(max)C1/(F_(max)C1+F_(max)C2+F_(max)C3)×100%],高邮湖受到入湖河流来水的影响较大,丰水期入湖口附近荧光强度明显高于其他水域东平湖和南四湖CDOM来源组成特征相似,丰水期东平湖和南四湖组分C2和C3显著低于枯水期(t-test,P0.01),两湖泊枯水期工农业等人为污染源影响较大相关性分析表明高邮湖中类腐殖质荧光特征在一定程度是能反演DOC浓度,并且类腐殖质的输入会增加湖泊总磷、总氮和叶绿素a浓度而东平湖和南四湖CDOM荧光特征与主要水质参数的相关性较差,这与高邮湖水体存在较大差异.     

近40年来南四湖湿地NDVI变化特征及其控制因子分析

利用Landsat系列卫星的MSS、TM和ETM+遥感数据,计算了研究区的归一化植被指数(NDVI),并以此为湿地植被活动的指标,研究1973 2011年间该湿地植被变化特征及年内季节变化特征,揭示植被活动在年内和年际变化的控制因子以及湿地植被对于气候变化、人类活动和极端干旱事件的响应特征.结果表明:(1)近40年来南四湖湿地植被各个季节的变化特征不尽相同.春季NDVI呈现先降低后增加的特征,主要先后受到研究区围垦、渔业养殖等人为活动和气候变化(增温)的影响;夏季和冬季的NDVI呈现显著降低趋势,主要受到围垦、渔业养殖等人类活动的影响;秋季NDVI的变化不显著.(2)年内季节变化方面,湿地植被面积和NDVI都呈现单峰的变化特征,从春季开始增加,在夏季末(全年的第202和205 d)达到最大值,然后开始下降,到冬季降至最低.植被的年内季节变化特征主要受到月均温度的控制.(3)干旱在一定程度上不是湖泊湿地NDVI增加的限制因子.干旱导致湖泊水位下降,滨湖滩地及湖底露出,可能会促进湿地植被生长和植被面积的扩大,使得湿地NDVI增加.     

南四湖沼泽化现状及其驱动因素分析

为了解南四湖近几年沼泽化加剧的现状及其根源,2008年8月,2009年6月,2009年8月,2010年6月和2010年8月先后多次对南四湖全湖,及21条主要入湖河道河口区进行调查和采样分析.结果表明:调查的25个样点中除微山岛保护区附近和船舶密集的界河口附近4个样点无沼泽化表征,运输繁忙的老万福河人湖口和南阳湖敞水区2...