三万年来南沙海区古环境重建:生物标志物定量与单体碳同位素研究

17962钻孔沉积物提供了南沙海区3万年来古气候、古环境变化的高分辨沉积记录。通过对314个柱状样沉积物进行有机分析，提取了相关的古环境信息，揭示出南沙海区末次冰期的古海洋环境及古气候是不稳定的，水生生物来源的生物标志物沉积通量在冰期出现了较大的波动，H3时出现了海洋生产力增大事件；陆源指标如高碳类脂物的沉积通量，既反映了陆源物对南沙海区海洋沉积的贡献，又揭示了造成末次冰期南沙海区陆源物质增高的古气候事件。高碳正烷烃、长链脂肪醇、长链脂肪酸的单体化合物碳同位素δ^13C值:—34．2‰-—28．6‰、—35．8‰-—26．6‰、—31．8‰-—27．1‰都显示其陆源C3植物输入的特征，末次冰期的普遍的干旱化在这一地区并不存在。这些化合物的堆积速率在H3都出现了极大值，反映出在南海海平面降低，巽它陆架出露背景下这一时期丰富的季风降雨导致河流洪水泛滥，从而引起南沙海区输入的陆源营养元素增多，海洋表层生产力增高。     

Overprinting porphyry‐type veinlets on the intrusive rocks and phreatomagmatic breccias in the Southwest prospect,southwestern Sto. Tomas II (Philex), Baguio District,Philippines

The Southwest prospect is located at the southwestern periphery of the Sto. Tomas II porphyry copper–gold deposit in the Baguio District, northwestern Luzon, Philippines. The Southwest prospect hosts a copper‐gold mineralization related to a complex of porphyry intrusions, breccia facies, and overlapping porphyry‐type veinlets emplaced within the basement Pugo metavolcanics rocks and conglomerates of the Zigzag Formation. The occurrences of porphyry‐type veinlets and potassic alteration hosted in the complex are thought to be indications of the presence of blind porphyry deposits within the Sto. Tomas II vicinity. The complex is composed of at least four broadly mineralogically similar dioritic intrusive rocks that vary in texture and alteration type and intensity. These intrusions were accompanied with at least five breccia facies that were formed by the explosive brecciation, induced by the magmatic–hydrothermal processes and phreatomagmatic activities during the emplacement of the various intrusions. Hydrothermal alteration assemblages consisting of potassic, chlorite–magnetite, propylitic and sericite–chlorite alteration, and contemporaneous veinlet types were developed on the host rocks. Elevated copper and gold grades correspond to (a) chalcopyrite–bornite assemblage in the potassic alteration in the syn‐mineralization early‐mineralization diorite (EMD) and contemporaneous veinlets and (b) chalcopyrite‐rich mineralization associated with the chalcopyrite–magnetite–chlorite–actinolite±sericite veinlets contemporaneous with the chlorite–magnetite alteration. Erratic remarkable concentrations of gold were also present in the late‐mineralization Late Diorite (LD). High X_Mg of calcic amphiboles (>0.60) in the intrusive rocks indicate that the magmas have been oxidizing since the early stages of crystallization, while a gap in the composition of Al between the rim and the cores of the calcic amphiboles in the EMD and LD indicate decompression at some point during the crystallization of these intrusive rocks. Fluid inclusion microthermometry suggests the trapping of immiscible fluids that formed the potassic alteration, associated ore mineralization, and sheeted quartz veinlets. The corresponding formation conditions of the shallower and deeper quartz veinlets were estimated at pressures of 50 and 30 MPa and temperatures of 554 and 436°C at depths of 1.9 and 1.1 km. Temperature data from the chlorite indicate that the chalcopyrite‐rich mineralization associated with the chlorite–magnetite alteration was formed at a much lower temperature (ca. 290°C) than the potassic alteration. Evidence from the vein offsetting matrix suggests multiple intrusions within the EMD, despite the K‐Ar ages of the potassic alteration in EMD and hornblende in the LD of about the same age at 3.5 ± 0.3 Ma. The K‐Ar age of the potassic alteration was likely to be thermally reset as a result of the overprinting hydrothermal alteration. The constrained K‐Ar ages also indicate earlier formed intrusive rocks in the Southwest prospect, possibly coeval to the earliest “dark diorite” intrusion in the Sto. Tomas II deposit. In addition, the range of δ³⁴S of sulfide minerals from +1.8‰ to +5.1‰ in the Southwest prospect closely overlaps with the rest of the porphyry copper and epithermal deposits in the Sto. Tomas II deposit and its vicinity. This indicates that the sulfides may have formed from a homogeneous source of the porphyry copper deposits and epithermal deposits in the Sto. Tomas II orebody and its vicinity. The evidence presented in this work proves that the porphyry copper‐type veinlets and the adjacent potassic alteration in the Southwest prospect are formed earlier and at a shallower level in contrast with the other porphyry deposits in the Baguio District.     

北京市密云区农业土壤重金属元素地球化学特征及生态风险评价

在北京市密云区西南部农业区系统地采集了1 065件表层土壤样品,对其中Ni、V、Cr、As、Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg 8种重金属元素的含量开展了测试分析。采用多元统计分析法及空间分析法,阐明了这些重金属元素的地球平均化学分布特征,并探讨了其可能的主要来源。结果表明,8种重金属元素主要分为3类：第一类为Ni、V、Cr、As,其含量低于北京地区背景值,其分布主要受成土母质等自然因素的影响;第二类为Cd、Pb、Zn,其平均含量高于背景值,且居民区含量最高。除继承成土母质外,此类元素的分布特征受人为活动影响较大,其中Cd受人为活动影响的程度明显高于Pb和Zn;第三类为Hg,推断大气沉降为影响Hg分布的主要因素。主要采用Hakanson法评价了土壤中重金属的生态风险,结果表明该地区潜在生态危害指数较低。     

基于改进SWAT模型的灌溉—施肥—耕作对乌梁素海流域营养物负荷及作物产量的影响

不合理的灌溉、施肥和耕作是导致乌梁素海流域农业面源污染的主要根源,乌梁素海作为我国北方地区重要的生态安全屏障,多年来面临着湖泊水环境污染、水生态退化等问题,科学开展湖泊水环境综合治理首先要解决流域内农业面源污染问题.研究通过修改土壤水平衡、溶质平衡、地下水平衡和作物生长等模块对SWAT 2012原始版本进行改进,并采用改进的SWAT模型构建了乌梁素海流域分布式水文模型,利用实测径流、硝态氮与总磷排放量、地下水埋深以及作物产量校正和验证模型.基于现状情景,以玉米、葵花和小麦3种主要作物为研究对象,设置了削减灌水量、施肥量及调整耕作方式3种农田管理情景.基于改进SWAT模型不同情景的模拟结果,计算分析各管理情景下的硝态氮与总磷负荷及对各作物产量的影响.结果表明,改进SWAT模型具有良好的模拟效果.不同作物削减5%夏灌水量增产最多达8.41%～10.32%,削减10%秋浇水量均明显减少硝态氮和总磷负荷.不同作物营养物负荷均随着氮磷施肥削减比例的增大呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但下降曲线逐渐趋于平缓;各作物产量随氮磷施肥削减比例的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,其中玉米、小麦氮磷施肥削减比例达20%时产量开...     

南海南沙海槽深部热状态及其构造意义

南沙海槽是古南海俯冲消亡、南沙地块与婆罗洲碰撞的关键区域, 其构造演化史记录了南海前世今生的重要信息。为深入认识对其构造变形有重要影响的南沙海槽深部热状态, 本文首先利用热传输方程分析了滑坡体快速堆积的热披覆效应对海槽底部深水区海底观测热流的影响, 然后利用磁异常的频谱分析技术获取南沙海槽及其邻区的居里面深度。结果表明, 受沉积物快速堆积的影响, 南沙海槽底部深水区文莱滑坡范围内现今海底热流测量值仅为深部背景热流的60%~77%, 推测该区深部背景热流约为77~98mW·m^-2; 南沙海槽内居里面深度一般小于16km, 比位于其北侧的南沙岛礁区居里面深度(18~24km)小。现今南沙海槽区深部具有较高的背景热流, 该区较高的热状态与其地壳强烈减薄特征对应, 是华南陆缘裂陷和南海形成演化的结果。     

南沙群岛海底地貌制图研究——以1∶100万郑和群礁幅为例

中国海域辽阔,但公开发表和出版的1∶100万及更大比例尺的海底地貌图尚属空白。在综合研究已有的海底地貌分类系统的基础上,以南沙群岛郑和群礁幅为实验区,尝试建立了该海区1∶100万海洋地貌分类系统,利用历年来南沙群岛海区等深线图(1∶50万)、沉积图(1∶200万)、地质地球物理图集(1∶100万)及各种文献资料和在专家指导的基础上,绘制了该幅的海底地貌图并对该区域的地貌格局进行了分析。实验表明,通过对现有资料的综合进行1∶100万海底地貌制图是可行的。实验发现:1)等深线数据如同陆地上的等高线数据,是进行海底地貌制图的基本和主要数据源;2)海底底质和沉积物数据是进行海底地貌成因类型判别的重要依据;3)海底构造格局对海底地貌格局起着根本的控制作用,因此海底地质地球物理数据也是进行海底地貌制图不可或缺的数据之一。     

村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应的耦合协同规律及类型甄别——以重庆市荣昌区为例

村镇建设用地扩展不可避免地挤压生态系统空间,打破系统内部原有的生态环境和生物地球化学过程,在生态文明的时代背景下,如何处理好村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境保护的关系对于实现可持续发展至关重要。论文在厘清村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应耦合协调机制的基础上,通过构建评价指标体系分析了2008—2018年重庆市荣昌区村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应协调发展的时空演变格局并划分耦合协调发展类型。研究发现：(1)村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应以人类活动为纽带而构成交互耦合体,解析二者的耦合协调关系为理解村镇建设中“发展”与“保护”这对矛盾体提供了通道。(2) 2008、2013、2018年荣昌区村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应的耦合协调度在时间上呈上升趋势,在空间上呈南北高、中间低的分异格局。(3)运用耦合协调模型并结合同步发展模型将荣昌区村镇划分为保护与发展同步型、生态环境支持型、生态环境损耗型3种耦合协调类型。(4)针对各耦合协调类型提出差异化调控策略：保护与发展同步型村镇应兼顾经济发展与生态保护;生态环境支持型村镇可以适量开发未利用地;生态环境损耗型村镇应改变生态环境效应滞后的现状。     

'Pseudobreccias' revealed as calcrete mottling and bioturbation in the Late Dinantian of the southern Lake District, UK

Two types of ‘pseudobreccia’, one with grey and the other with brown mottle fabrics, occur in shoaling‐upward cycles of the Urswick Limestone Formation of Asbian (Late Dinantian, Carboniferous) age in the southern Lake District, UK. The grey mottle pseudobreccia occurs in cycle‐base packstones and developed after backfilling and abandonment of Thalassinoides burrow systems. Burrow infills consist of a fine to coarse crystalline microspar that has dull brown to moderate orange colours under cathodoluminescence. Mottling formed when an early diagenetic ‘aerobic decay clock’ operating on buried organic material was stopped, and sediment entered the sulphate reduction zone. This probably occurred during progradation of grainstone shoal facies, after which there was initial exposure to meteoric water. Microspar calcites then formed rapidly as a result of aragonite stabilization. The precipitation of the main meteoric cements and aragonite bioclast dissolution post‐date this stabilisation event. The brown mottle pseudobreccia fabrics are intimately associated with rhizocretions and calcrete, which developed beneath palaeokarstic surfaces capping cycle‐top grainstones and post‐date all depositional fabrics, although they may also follow primary depositional heterogeneities such as burrows. They consist of coarse, inclusion‐rich, microspar calcites that are always very dull to non‐luminescent under cathodoluminescence, sometimes with some thin bright zones. These are interpreted as capillary rise and pedogenic calcrete precipitates. The δ¹⁸O values (?5‰ to ?8‰, PDB) and the δ¹³C values (+2‰ to ?3‰, PDB) of the ‘pseudobreccias’ are lower than the estimated δ¹⁸O values (?3‰ to ?1‰ PDB) and δ¹³C values of (+2‰ to +4‰ PDB) of normal marine calcite precipitated from Late Dinantian sea water, reflecting the influence of meteoric waters and the input of organic carbon.     

阳泉矿区3#煤煤层气解吸特性的研究

实验测定了阳泉矿区3#煤煤层气的解吸特性。利用煤粒中吸附煤层气扩散微分方程式计算出煤层气的解吸时间,并用作图法确定出3#煤煤层气的解吸时间,为阳泉矿区3#煤煤层气的开发和利用提供了重要的参数。      

基于Visual Basic及Access的工程资料档案管理系统开发

在社会日趋发展和信息技术取得巨大进步的今天，许多勘查设计单位原有的工程资料管理方法已不能完全满足社会各方面工程实践的要求，使用先进的工程资料管理系统是必不可少的。因此，工程资料档案管理系统是一卜具有重要理论研究意义及广阔应用前景的研究课题。文章结合鹧鸪山隧道这一重大工程，利用visual Basic和Access开发了一个适用于广大工程建设资料管理的软件。在系统开发过程中，解决了以下问题，即利用WinRAR软件实现文，牛的压缩及解压缩，利用SQL语言实现文件多种查询方法。通过调用文件存放地址实现文件的打开功能。工程资料卡当案管理系统的使用将解决工程实际中存放、保管资料的各种问题，消除了传统资料保存方式的弊端。工程资料档案管理系统具有使用方便、查询快捷等优点，具有实用价值和推广价值。