Glacier shrinkage and negative mass balance in the Chilean Lake District (40°S) / Rétrécissement glaciaire et bilan massique négatif dans la Région des Lacs du Chili (40°S)

Abstract

Ice-capped volcanoes of the Chilean Lake District have shown significant glacier retreat during recent decades, probably in response to tropospheric warming and precipitation decrease. Volcán Mocho-Choshuenco (39°55′S, 72°02′W) is one of the main active volcanoes in this part of the country. A mass balance programme was initiated on its southeastern glacier in 2003, in view of its representative conditions as an ice body that is presumably not affected by current volcanic activity. The glaciers of this volcano have been retreating and shrinking in recent decades; by 2003 there had been a reduction of 40% of the original area of 28.4 km² in 1976. A maximum decrease of area was observed in the most recently analysed period, a rate of 0.45 km² year^-1 between 1987 and 2003. The glacier average net mass balance of 2003/04 yielded ?0.88 m w.e. (water equivalent) per year (±0.18), with an average net accumulation and ablation of 2.59 and ?3.47 m w.e. per year, respectively. This is the first direct measurement of glacier mass balance in southern Chile, where very little is known about glacier variations and glacier–volcano interactions.     

Testing the model of oblique transpression with oblique extrusion in two natural cases: Steps and consequences

Kinematic models of various types of transpression have been used to explain fabric features and strain in many natural deformation studies. Here, a mathematical model that encompasses all monoclinic and triclinic transpressional deformations including triclinic deformation with inclined simple shear (ϕ) and/or inclined extrusion orientations (υ) can be tested using a step-by-step approach with available field evidence. Two cases are presented. The first case from the Wabigoon–Quetico boundary in the Archean Superior Province utilizes both fabric orientation and quantified strain data. The best fit of the field evidence to the model indicates that deformation likely took place along subvertical shear zones via transpression with subhorizontal simple shear (ϕ = 0–20°) and variable inclined extrusion direction (extrusion can be either east or west and υ typically indicates extrusion orientations between 0 and 50° from vertical). The second case of the South Iberian shear zone has fabric orientation data, but no quantifiable strain possibilities. The best fit of the field evidence to the model indicates that deformation likely took place along a moderately inclined shear zone via transpression with subhorizontal simple shear (ϕ = 0–20°) and variable inclined extrusion direction (υ values between 0° and 80° from the true dip of the shear zone). Using this protocol in other examples of natural deformation will allow further constraints to be applied to kinematic models.     

灰色关联度分析法在北京通州区地裂缝灾害危险性评价中的应用

地裂缝是地质灾害中的地面变形灾害之一,是直接或间接地恶化环境、降低环境质量、危害人类和生物圈发展的地质事件。本文介绍了利用灰色关联度分析法对地裂缝灾害危险性进行评价,并系统阐述了灰色关联度分析法的评价方法与模型,旨在为城市规划和防灾减灾提供科学依据。文中以北京市通州区为例,对北京市通州区地裂缝现状进行了说明并对其进行了成因分析,选取了灾害发育强度、地质条件和水文地质条件三项因子共六个评价指标,然后对评价指标进行权重计算评定地裂缝的危险性等级,并绘制区划图。根据区划的结果,划分地裂缝中度易发区、轻度易发区、微度易发区以及非易发区。     

云南富宁南沙金矿矿化富集规律

南沙金矿处于滇黔桂"金三角"西段滇东南金成矿区富宁—广南成矿带。已发现金矿体10余条,远景可达中—大型规模。矿体受地层和构造双重控制。微细浸染状结构。低温气水热液控矿断层的次级破碎带中富集成矿。     

保育滨海湿地 实现持续发展

滨海新区是天津市东部重点建设的经济区域,沿海有大量湿地,对当地的生态环境起着重要的调节作用。随着滨海新区的开发建设,该区的湿地面临着如何保护等实际问题。本文从生态学的角度就目前滨海新区的湿地生态功能、经济价值和社会价值进行了评述,并就目前该区域面临的主要问题及如何合理有序地开发与保护提出建议,旨在使滨海新区的自然、经济、社会协调统一发展。     

3.50Ma BP以来河北衡水地区古植被与环境演化

依据河北衡水南张庄600 m深HS1钻孔中529块岩心样品的孢粉分析,结合古地磁、光释光测试建立的年代地层格架,初步建立了河北平原中部衡水地区3.50 Ma BP以来孢粉组合的更迭序列。在3.50~2.58 Ma BP期间,研究区沉积环境稳定,主要是极浅水泛滥平原与浅湖相沉积,孢粉不丰富,孢粉组合结构简单,反映降水、气温等变化幅度小,气候由温暖湿润逐渐过渡到冷干;2.58~0.78 Ma BP期间,植被出现频繁波动,我国东部古季风气候格局已经基本形成,表现出气候频繁变化的不稳定性,具有早期温和偏干、中期温暖湿润、晚期温凉偏干的气候演化特征;780~15 ka BP期间,孢粉带组成成分较为丰富且复杂,在不同时期乔木植物与草本-灌木植物互为消长、相互更迭,反映气候变化幅度大、频率高的特点;15 ka BP至今,气候总体表现为干,其波动频率较快,植被属森林和草原兼而有之的类型。     

Elementary study of physical properties on surface sediments in Nansha Islands sea area

Elementary studies on surface sediment physical properties (physical-mechanic property, engineering features, acoustic parameters) of the Nansha Islands sea area in the South China Sea reveal that the seabed sedimentary environments are important factors of controlling sediment physical properties and the relations between them affect one another. At the same time, the relative figures of sediment physical properties and some experienced relations are given, which are beneficial to the later research and further studies. Project of the Multidisciplinary Oceanographic Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to the Nansha Islands in the South China Sea.     

Space-time variations of the frequency-energy relation for mining-induced seismicity in the Ostrava-Karviná mining district

The values of parameters of the relation logN=a–b logE characterize in general the level of seismicity of individual regions. In the present paper, a detailed analysis ofb values of the frequency-energy distributions was carried out with the aid of a database of seismic events recorded by the seismological networks in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal Mine District (Czech Republic), using the least squares regression and maximum likelihood method, as well. The determination ofb value was performed for a relatively large number of regions investigated and for different time series of observations. Special attention has been paid to induced seismic events statistics for the vicinity of one of the coalfaces in the Lazy Mine. It could be generally stated that lowerb values correspond to a higher level of induced seismic activity, while the higher ones correspond to a low and a moderate seismic activity.     

南沙海域近海层大气湍流结构及输送特征研究

本文根据南沙群岛渚碧礁的一次大气湍流观测资料，分析研究南沙海域的湍流热通量输送、方差相似性、风速各分量谱、温度谱及各湍流通量协谱等大气湍流结构和输送特征，并与陆地下垫面上的结果作了比较，得到了一些有关南沙海域大气湍流输送及湍流结构的新认识。     

南沙群岛海底地貌制图研究——以1：100万郑和群礁幅为例

中国海域辽阔，但公开发表和出版的1：100万及更大比例尺的海底地貌图尚属空白。在综合研究已有的海底地貌分类系统的基础上，以南沙群岛郑和群礁幅为实验区，尝试建立了该海区1：100万海洋地貌分类系统，利用历年来南沙群岛海区等深线图（1：50万）、沉积图（1：200万）、地质地球物理图集（1：100万）及各种文献资料和在专家指导的基础上，绘制了该幅的海底地貌图并对该区域的地貌格局进行了分析。实验表明，通过对现有资料的综合进行1：100万海底地貌制图是可行的。实验发现：1）等深线数据如同陆地上的等高线数据，是进行海底地貌制图的基本和主要数据源；2）海底底质和沉积物数据是进行海底地貌成因类型判别的重要依据；3）海底构造格局对海底地貌格局起着根本的控制作用，因此海底地质地球物理数据也是进行海底地貌制图不可或缺的数据之一。