Helium and carbon isotope variations in Liaodong Peninsula,NE China

Chemical and C–He isotopic compositions have been measured for N₂-rich hydrothermal gases from the Liaodong (abbreviation of East Liaoning Province) Peninsula from which the oldest crustal rocks in China with ⩾3.8 Ga outcrop. With the exception of one sample containing tritogenic ³He and atmospheric ⁴He in Liaoyang, the observed ³He/⁴He ratios from 0.1 Ra to 0.7 Ra indicate 1–8% helium from mantle, 92–98% from crust and 0.1–0.8% from atmosphere. Despite the lack of Quaternary volcanism, such ³He/⁴He ratios suggest, together with geophysical evidences, the existence of intrusive magmas that contain mantle helium and heat within the Liaodong middle-lower crust. The ³He/⁴He ratios are high along the NE-trending Jinzhou faults and gradually decrease with the increase of distance from the faults. Such a spatial distribution suggests that the mantle helium exsolves from magmatic reservoir in the middle-lower crust, becomes focused into the root zones of Jinzhou faults, and subsequently traverses the crust via permeable fault zones. When transversely migrated by groundwater circulation in near surface, mantle helium with high ³He/⁴He ratio may have been further diluted to the observed values by addition of radiogenic helium produced in the crust. This pattern shows strong evidence that the major faults played an important role on mantle-derived components transport from mantle upwards.     

Rural gentrification in Catalonia, Spain: A case study of migration, social change and conflicts in the Empordanet area

The intensity of rural depopulation in Catalonia has diminished since the 1980s. New population growth patterns are occurring in rural areas, basically due to immigration. Although there has been a certain awareness of the magnitude of this process and its territorial distribution, little is known about the protagonists in this immigration and the impact on rural municipalities. Results are presented from a study of the immigration process in a group of rural inland municipalities close to the Costa Brava, a Mediterranean coastal region with extensive tourism. The great beauty of the landscape and the existence of housing stock that is being abandoned but remains desirable have led to a population influx from Catalonia’s large urban areas, especially Barcelona, purchasing these homes as a primary or secondary residence.This has led to rehabilitation of the housing stock, but also to higher housing prices and the resulting exodus of the young local population that cannot afford them; a potential source of conflict between the local population and the newcomers. The study is based on census data and statistical records, as well as extensive fieldwork, including interviews with local residents, newcomers and key informants.     

东北地区中生代岩石圈减薄时间上限的厘定:来自松辽盆地营城组火山岩年代学约束

松辽盆地是我国东北地区一个大型的晚中生代含油气沉积盆地。在盆地发育早期阶段受强烈伸展作用影响形成了大规模的断陷和大量的火山活动。本文以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷区火山岩的年代学研究为切入点,通过对徐家围子断陷升深更2井和徐深9-2井营城组(K_1y)火山岩的岩芯样品进行SHRIMP U-Pb定年,获得了营城组火山岩年龄为114～112 Ma,并认为该年龄结果代表了松辽盆地区域晚中生代岩浆作用的上限时间。通过对松辽盆地及邻区的火山年代学的对比发现:中国东北地区晚中生代曾发生过多期的岩浆事件,时间分别为:166～150 Ma;140～130 Ma;130～120 Ma;114～109 Ma。松辽盆地内早白垩世营城组火山岩年龄与我国东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆作用时间一致,指示了东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆事件年龄。松辽盆地营城组火山岩年龄的厘定将为本区中生代岩石圈减薄的上限时间提供进一步可靠的年代学约束。     

东北太平洋中国合同区的叶绿素a和初级生产力

根据东北太平洋中国合同区东区和西区从1994年至2003年6个航次(DY85-4,DY95-7,DY95-8,DY95-10,DY105-11和DY105-12.14)初级生产力调查资料编写.结果表明:次表层高值分布为叶绿素a分布的一般特征,从表层至水深50 m,数值为0.1 mg/m3左右,在水深50~100 m上下,数值约在0.2~0.4 mg/m3之间,在水深大于100 m,特别是150 m以深数值逐渐减小为零;东区初级生产力(C)测值在76.8~191.9 mg/(m2·d),平均为116.1 mg/(m2·d);西区的在73.1~222.5 mg/(m2·d),平均为127.1 mg/(m2·d);在水深0~125 m,0.2~2μm颗粒的微微型浮游植物的叶绿素a比例占叶绿素a总量的70%以上,而在水深125 m以深,占50%以下;反之,2~20μm和大于20μm两种粒级所占比例的和在0~125 m深度范围占30%以下,在水深125m以深时为50%以上.调查显示东、西两区属于初级生产力比较低的海域.     

中国东北~500Ma泛非期孔兹岩带的确定及其意义

东北地区的变质基底,如佳木斯地块的麻山群、兴安地块的兴华渡口群等岩石组合是以(含石墨)大理岩、夕线石榴片麻岩、斜长角闪岩等为主要标志的孔兹岩系。在额尔古纳、兴安和佳木斯-兴凯地块的夕线石榴片麻岩分别得到锆石U-Pb年龄,证明这些高级变质岩的原岩年龄以新元古代(600~850Ma)为主,变质年龄为~500Ma,因此东北地区的变质基底记录了从Rodinia 到 Gondwana大陆的聚合与离散的过程。泛非期高级变质岩及其同期岩浆岩在额尔古纳、兴安、松辽、佳木斯 和兴凯地块等断续分布,总体出露范围>1300km,并沿虎头、鸡西、萝北、兴华渡口和漠河一线总体北西向沿黑龙江断续分布,因此我们命名为"中国东北泛非期孔兹岩带"。 "中国东北泛非期孔兹岩带"的提出和进一步研究, 对深入探讨东北地区各地块基底组成的异同性以及陆块聚合的过程,以及东北地区的构造演化历史及其在Gondwana大陆重建中的位置都具有重要的科学意义。     

江西德兴泗洲辉绿岩体锆石La-ICP-MS定年及其地质意义

本文应用La-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb原位定年方法,对赣东北德兴县泗洲辉绿岩体锆石作了精确测定,获得年龄为838.5±5.3Ma。同时对区内若干基性岩体作了主量元素、微量及稀土元素含量等分析测试研究。在综合归纳区域内前寒武纪岩浆活动产物形成年龄及地球化学特征的基础上,将赣东北及邻区前寒武纪岩浆活动主要分成两期三个阶段,即1150~1000Ma的洋壳发育阶段、1000~900Ma的洋壳俯冲阶段和840~800Ma的碰撞挤压阶段。提出在Rodinia超大陆裂解时期扬子西缘和东缘处于不同构造动力学环境的认识。泗洲辉绿岩体年龄的确定为赣东北地区大地构造演化研究提供了新的证据。     

Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt in NE China

The eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) in NE China is a key area for investigating continental growth. However, the complexity of its Paleozoic geological history has meant that the tectonic development of this belt is not fully understood. NE China is composed of the Erguna and Jiamusi blocks in the northern and eastern parts and the Xing’an and Songliao-Xilinhot accretionary terranes in the central and southern parts. The Erguna and Jiamusi blocks have Precambrian basements with Siberia and Gondwana affinities, respectively. In contrast, the Xing ’an and Songliao-Xilinhot accretionary terranes were formed via subduction and collision processes. These blocks and terranes were separated by the Xinlin-Xiguitu, Heilongjiang, Nenjiang, and Solonker oceans from north to south, and these oceans closed during the Cambrian (ca. 500 Ma), Late Silurian (ca. 420 Ma), early Late Carboniferous (ca. 320 Ma), and Late Permian to Middle Triassic (260 –240 Ma), respectively, forming the Xinlin-Xiguitu, Mudanjiang-Yilan, Hegenshan-Heihe, Solonker-Linxi, and Changchun-Yanji suture zones. Two oceanic tectonic cycles took place in the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO), namely, the Early Paleozoic cycle involving the Xinlin-Xiguitu and Heilongjiang oceans and the late Paleozoic cycle involving the Nenjiang-Solonker oceans. The Paleozoic tectonic pattern of the eastern CAOB generally shows structural features that trend east-west. The timing of accretion and collision events of the eastern CAOB during the Paleozoic youngs progressively from north to south. The branch ocean basins of the eastern PAO closed from west to east in a scissor-like manner. A bi-directional subduction regime dominated during the narrowing and closure process of the eastern PAO, which led to “soft collision” of tectonic units on each side, forming huge accretionary orogenic belts in central Asia.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

东北地区中生代岩石圈减薄时间上限的厘定： 来自松辽盆地营城组火山岩年代学约束

松辽盆地是我国东北地区一个大型的晚中生代含油气沉积盆地。在盆地发育早期阶段受强烈伸展作用影响形成了大规模的断陷和大量的火山活动。本文以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷区火山岩的年代学研究为切入点,通过对徐家围子断陷升深更2井和徐深9 2井营城组（K1y）火山岩的岩芯样品进行SHRIMP U Pb定年,获得了营城组火山岩年龄为114～112Ma,并认为该年龄结果代表了松辽盆地区域晚中生代岩浆作用的上限时间。通过对松辽盆地及邻区的火山年代学的对比发现：中国东北地区晚中生代曾发生过多期的岩浆事件,时间分别为： 166～150 Ma; 140～130 Ma; 130～120 Ma; 114～109 Ma。松辽盆地内早白垩世营城组火山岩年龄与我国东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆作用时间一致,指示了东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆事件年龄。松辽盆地营城组火山岩年龄的厘定将为本区中生代岩石圈减薄的上限时间提供进一步可靠的年代学约束。     

Preliminary mineralogical and petrological study of the Ortosa Au–Bi–Te ore deposit: a reduced gold skarn in the northern part of the Rio Narcea Gold Belt, Asturias, Spain

The Ortosa deposit (NW Spain) in the northern part of the Rio Narcea Gold Belt (RNGB) is located in the Cantabrian Zone of the Iberian Massif. This zone corresponds to the westernmost exposure of the European Hercynides. The deposit is hosted by marine shales, siltstones, calcareous siltstones and interbedded sandy limestones of the upper part of the Silurian Furada Formation. These rocks are intruded by a main stock and numerous sills and dikes consisting of a reduced, ilmenite-bearing quartz-monzodiorite (Ortosa intrusion). Skarn metasomatism and associated gold mineralization overprinted these sedimentary and igneous rocks, forming endo- and exoskarns.The earliest stage of alteration involved potassium metasomatism from which metasomatic biotite developed in the hornfels around the intrusion. In the endoskarn, the first metasomatic mineral to form is actinolite. Subsequently, quartz, pyroxene (Hd_30–45), and sulfides (mainly arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite) formed, followed by a second generation of amphibole (ferroactinolite and ferrohornblende). The exoskarn is a pyroxene-garnet skarn, which is often banded. The prograde minerals are pyroxene (Hd_10–30) and grossular garnet. The retrograde mineralogy consists of hedenbergite-rich pyroxene (Hd_50–87), amphibole (ferroactinolite–ferrohornblende), and the metallic minerals with minor fluorapatite, K-feldspar, albite, epidote–clinozoisite, vesuvianite and calcite. A final stage of retrograde alteration is characterized by calcite, quartz, and chlorite.Pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite are the more abundant metallic minerals, and löllingite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and sphalerite are present in smaller amounts. The gold occurs as native gold and maldonite, and is accompanied by hedleyite, native bismuth, and bismuthinite. These Au–Bi–Te mineral assemblages occupy cavities and fractures in the arsenopyrite or in the pyrrhotite.Estimated physiochemical conditions of formation based on the composition and stability fields of major calc-silicate and sulfide minerals indicate that the hedenbergite-rich pyroxene and the earliest sulfides (löllingite–pyrrhotite–arsenopyrite) crystallized at temperatures between 470 and 535°C at low log fS₂ between −10 and −6.5 and low log fO₂ of −22. The Ortosa skarns can be included in the reduced gold skarn subtype defined by Meinert (Mineralogical Association of Canada, Quebec city, Que., Canada, 1998, 26,359–414 ).     

Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of a middle Miocene alluvial fan to cyclic shallow lacustrine depositional system in the Calatayud Basin (NE Spain)

ABSTRACT The middle Miocene sedimentary fill of the Calatayud Basin in north‐eastern Spain consists of proximal to distal alluvial fan‐floodplain and shallow lacustrine deposits. Four main facies groups characteristic of different sedimentary environments are recognized: (1) proximal and medial alluvial fan facies that comprise clast‐supported gravel and subordinate sandstone and mudstone, the latter exhibiting incipient pedogenic features; (2) distal alluvial fan facies, formed mainly of massive mudstone, carbonate‐rich palaeosols and local carbonate pond deposits; (3) lake margin facies, which show two distinct lithofacies associations depending on their distribution relative to the alluvial fan system, i.e. front (lithofacies A), comprising massive siliciclastic mudstone and tabular carbonates, or lateral (lithofacies B) showing laminated and/or massive siliciclastic mudstone alternating with tabular and/or laminated carbonate beds; and (4) mudflat–shallow lake facies showing a remarkable cyclical alternation of green‐grey and/or red siliciclastic mudstone units and white dolomitic carbonate beds. The cyclic mudflat–shallow lake succession, as exposed in the Orera composite section (OCS), is dominantly composed of small‐scale mudstone–carbonate/dolomite cycles. The mudstone intervals of the sedimentary cycles are interpreted as a result of sedimentation from suspension by distal sheet floods, the deposits evolving either under subaerial exposure or water‐saturated conditions, depending on their location on the lacustrine mudflat and on climate. The dolomite intervals accumulated during lake‐level highstands with Mg‐rich waters becoming increasingly concentrated. Lowstand to highstand lake‐level changes indicated by the mudstone/dolomite units of the small‐scale cycles reflect a climate control (from dry to wet conditions) on the sedimentation in the area. The spatial distribution of the different lithofacies implies that deposition of the small‐scale cycles took place in a low‐gradient, shallow lake basin located in an interfan zone. The development of the basin was constrained by gradual alluvial fan aggradation. Additional support for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation is derived from the isotopic compositions of carbonates from the various lithofacies that show a wide range of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values varying from ?7·9 to 3·0‰ PDB and from ?9·2 to ?1·7‰ PDB respectively. More negative δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values are from carbonate‐rich palaeosols and lake‐margin carbonates, which extended in front of the alluvial fan systems, whereas more positive values correspond to dolomite beds deposited in the shallow lacustrine environment. The results show a clear trend of δ¹⁸O enrichment in the carbonates from lake margin to the centre of the shallow lake basin, thereby also demonstrating that the lake evolved under hydrologically closed conditions.