Small is profitable: No support for the optimal foraging theory in sea stars Asterias rubens foraging on the blue edible mussel Mytilus edulis

Doubt has been shed recently on the most popular optimal foraging theory stating that predators should maximize prey profitability, i.e., select that prey item that contains the highest energy content per handling time. We hypothesized that sea stars do not forage on blue mussels according to the classical optimal foraging theory but are actively avoiding damage that may be caused by e.g. capture of foraging on too-strong mussel shells, hence the sea stars will have a stronger preference for mussels that are smaller than the most profitable ones. Here we present experimental evidence of the sea star Asterias rubens as a predator that indeed chooses much smaller blue mussels Mytilus edulis to forage on than the most profitable ones. Hence this study does not support the optimal foraging theory. There may be other constraints involved in foraging than just optimizing energy intake, for example predators may also be concerned with preventing potential loss or damage of their foraging instruments.     

三种典型POPs对紫贻贝不同组织DNA损伤的比较研究

采用彗星电泳技术,比较研究了Aroclor 1254、BaP、DDT三种典型POPs对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)鳃、性腺、消化腺细胞的DNA损伤效应的差异,以期为进一步评价这三种典型POPs遗传毒理机制及其预警监测提供科学依据.结果表明,Tail DNA%是评价DNA损伤的理想指标,另外,在急性毒性试验中,...     

舟山海域外来物种地中海贻贝的自然分布现状及生态影响

以筛选的2个可鉴别的地中海贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis）、厚壳贻贝（M.coruscus）及其杂交后代的PCR标记（扩增核基因Glu-5’特异片段PCR标记Me14/Me17和延伸因子1α第一个内含子区段PCR标记引物EFbisF/EFbisR）,对舟山海域3个贻贝主产区（马鞍列岛海域、浪岗山列岛海域、中街山列岛海域）采集的贻贝样本的种类进行鉴别.研究结果显示：100个马鞍列岛海域贻贝个体和30个中街山列岛海域贻贝个体均为厚壳贻贝;而54个浪岗山列岛海域贻贝样本中,16个个体（29.6%）为厚壳贻贝,38个个体（70.4%）为地中海贻贝;3个群体中均未检测到2种贻贝的杂交个体.因此,推测舟山海域地中海贻贝自然分布仅局限于局部海区,但在适宜的海区地中海贻贝可取代厚壳贻贝成为贻贝床的优势物种,舟山海域贻贝床的动态变化值得进一步关注;贻贝样本中没有检测到地中海贻贝与厚壳贻贝的杂交个体,表明调查海域可能没有杂交贻贝分布或数量极少,地中海贻贝通过杂交、基因渐渗污染厚壳贻贝基因组的风险较小.     

Differential concentration of Technetium-99 (99Tc) in common intertidal molluscs with different food habits

Concentration of ⁹⁹Tc has been measured in fucoids and molluscs, sampled in a sheltered intertidal at the southwest coast of Norway from February to November 2006. The concentrations of ⁹⁹Tc in molluscs differed significantly between species. The filtering bivalve Mytilus edulis had the lowest concentrations with averages of 2.3-5.9 Bq kg⁻¹ d.w., while the herbivorous gastropods Littorinalittorina, Littorina obtusata and Patella vulgata had higher concentrations. P. vulgata and L. obtusata had the highest concentrations, 40-47 and 26-30 Bq kg⁻¹ d.w., respectively. L. obtusata has a specialized habit of living, and prefers to feed on fucoids. P. vulgata can graze extensively on the fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum when available. Fucoids are known to have very high uptake of ⁹⁹Tc, and this was also found in the present study. The high ⁹⁹Tc-concentrations of L. obtusata and P. vulgata are most likely due to their habit of feeding on fucoids.     

Long-term coexistence of non-indigenous species in aquaculture facilities

Non-indigenous species (NIS) are a growing problem globally and, in the sea, aquaculture activities are critical vectors for their introduction. Aquaculture introduces NIS, intentionally or unintentionally, and can provide substratum for the establishment of other NIS. Little is known about the co-occurrence of NIS over long periods and we document the coexistence over decades of a farmed NIS (a mussel) with an accidently introduced species (an ascidian). Both are widespread and cause serious fouling problems worldwide. We found partial habitat segregation across depth and the position of rafts within the studied farm, which suggests competitive exclusion of the mussel in dark, sheltered areas and physiological exclusion of the ascidian elsewhere. Both species exhibit massive self-recruitment, with negative effects on the industry, but critically the introduction of NIS through aquaculture facilities also has strong detrimental effects on the natural environment.     

Expression profiles of two small heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzyme activity in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cadmium at environmentally relevant concentrations

Small heat shock proteins encompass a widespread but diverse class of proteins,which play key roles in protecting organisms from various stressors.In the present study,the full-length cDNAs of two small heat shock proteins(MgsHSP22 and MgsHSP24.1)were cloned from Mytilus galloprovincialis,which encoded peptides of 181 and 247 amino acids,respectively.Both MgsHSP22 and MgsHSP24.1 were detected in all tissues examined by real-time PCR,with the highest expression being observed in muscle and gonad tissues.The real-time PCR results revealed that Cd signifi cantly inhibited MgsHSP22 expression at 24 h and MgsHSP24.1 at 24 and 48 h under 5 μg/L Cd 2 + exposure.MgsHSP24.1 expression was also signifi cantly inhibited after 50 μg/L Cd 2+ exposure for 48 h.With regard to antioxidant enzymes,increased GPx and CAT activity were detected under Cd 2+ stress(5 and 50 μg/L),while no signifi cant difference in SOD activity was observed throughout the experiment.Overall,both MgsHsps and antioxidant enzymes revealed their potential as Cd stress biomarkers in M.galloprovincialis.     

厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)中抗生素耐受细菌多样性研究

抗生素的滥用是当前水产养殖业发展及食品安全面临的重大威胁。贻贝体内含有丰富的附生菌群,但目前尚不清楚贻贝附生菌群在抗生素残留背景下的动态变化和耐受性特征。为此进行了厚壳贻贝中抗生素耐受细菌多样性研究。将厚壳贻贝暴露于含有青霉素、链霉素和卡那霉素的养殖水体中,之后采用超声法获取含贻贝软体部组织表面附着菌群的超声液,经Zobell 2216E液体培养基培养后,将组织超声液和培养液一并经16S rDNA高通量测序来分析厚壳贻贝微生物的群落组成。结果表明,超声处理后获得的微生物主要为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)。多重抗生素的处理可以显著下降贻贝体内微生物的OTU数,对微生物群落结构有明显影响。经264h恢复养殖后,在门水平上观察到贻贝体内微生物群落可以恢复重建,表明其具有一定的韧性。研究结果将为今后进一步探索宿主相关微生物群落构建机制及特殊抗性微生物奠定基础。     

厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)4 个群体遗传多样性的 ISSR 分析

采用ISSR分子标记对中国沿海4个厚壳贻贝群体进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析,筛选出13条引物对4个群体120个样品共扩增出192个清晰的扩增位点,其中多态位点188个,多态位点百分率为97.92%,在物种水平上遗传多样性较为丰富。群体遗传多样性结果表明,PPL在81.77%—89.58%之间,H在0.2950—0.2818之间,I在0.4213—0.4447之间,其中福州群体多样性指数最低,温州群体最高。4个群体间GST为0.1519,Nm值范围介于3.0576—5.9714之间,AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要来自群体内个体间。群体间遗传距离和聚类分析显示,温州群体和宁德群体首先聚为一支,再与舟山群体聚类,最后与福州群体聚在一起。表明地理位置较远的群体,遗传距离也较大,地理距离和遗传距离一致。     

我国东南沿海厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)4 个群体线粒体16S rRNA 序列及遗传结构分析

采用16S rRNA基因测序技术,对我国东南沿海4个地理群体的厚壳贻贝遗传结构及遗传变异进行研究。通过对4个厚壳贻贝群体共83个个体的线粒体16S rRNA基因进行测序,获得1个长度为305bp的同源序列,共检测到150个多态位点,多态位点比例达49.18%。83个个体中共检测到28个单倍型,单倍型多样性指数(Hd)为0.810,核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)为0.09602,平均核苷酸差异数(K)达27.846。结果表明,我国东南沿海厚壳贻贝群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平。遗传结构检测结果表明,舟山群体、温州群体、宁德群体间的遗传距离小,遗传分化系数(Fst)为-0.0141—0.0059之间,群体内部无显著分化(P>0.05),而福州群体与其它群体间遗传距离较大,为0.215—0.217之间,遗传分化系数(Fst)也较大,为0.6217—0.6319之间,存在极显著的遗传分化(P<0.001)。     

厚壳贻贝性腺不同发育时期肥满度与生化成分分析

为研究厚壳贻贝性腺发育不同时期的营养物质积累和消耗规律,本文分析测定了3个年龄组的厚壳贻贝在性腺发育5个时期的肥满度、含水量及生化成分。结果表明:(1)相同发育时期的肥满度和含水量组间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但在不同发育时期存在显著差异(P＜0.05);成熟期的肥满度最高,为17.76%~19.21%,约为休止期最低时的3.15倍;含水量则正好相反,以休止期最高,为93.29%~95.32%,约为成熟期最低时的1.15倍。(2)总糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和灰分在不同发育时期均有显著差异(P＜0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在成熟期达到峰值,粗蛋白为72.01%,粗脂肪为13.52%,两者分别在休止期和增殖期最低;总糖含量在排放期最高为13.56%,灰分含量以休止期最高为7.59%,两者均以成熟期含量最低。(3)蛋白质的积累与消减正好与肥满度的变化相吻合,证实厚壳贻贝在性腺发育过程中吸收并贮存大量营养物质,使肥满度逐渐升高,随配子的排放肥满度急剧下降。