高温胁迫下厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)消化腺代谢组学研究

在全球变暖的背景下, 海水温度不断升高、海洋暖化逐渐加剧, 高温严重影响着海洋生物的各种生命过程, 但对于海洋双壳贝类如何应对热应激的研究仍然不足。为此, 开展了以18 °C (CT)为对照组在26 °C (ST)和33 °C (HT)下对厚壳贻贝消化腺组织进行了急性热胁迫下的代谢组学分析,以便于研究其代谢反应。采用LC-MS/MS技术, 并结合生物信息分析手段对差异代谢物进行筛选, 并分析确定相关的代谢通路的变化, 共有2 532种代谢物在厚壳贻贝消化腺中被鉴定。KEGG富集分析用于探索差异代谢物的潜在代谢途径, 共有29条代谢通路被显著富集, 与对照组相比, ST组显著富集于牛磺酸和次牛磺酸代谢、神经活性配体-受体相互作用、鞘脂类代谢和视黄醇代谢等代谢通路; HT组显著富集于酪氨酸代谢、亚油酸代谢、丙氨酸新陈代谢、酪氨酸代谢、色氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢等代谢通路。研究结果显示, 厚壳贻贝消化腺主要通过调节色氨酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢、鞘脂代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、氧化磷酸化, 脂肪酸、赖氨酸降解等信号通路应对热应激, 从而帮助维持身体内部环境的稳定状态。上述研究为多视角探究厚壳贻贝耐热机制与应对环境中温度变化的适应性进化提供理论基础。     

基于16S rRNA序列初步探讨贻贝属的系统发育

通过比较贻贝属5个物种包括中国的两种贻贝的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列,来初步确定它们的系统发育关系和了解中国沿海两种贻贝的遗传多样性情况.以Perna viridis为外群,采用NJ法和MP法构建分子系统树.系统发育分析表明,5种贻贝(Mytilus californianus, M. corcuscus, M. galloprovincialis, M. edulis, M. trossulus)在系统树上依次进行分叉,呈放射状.M. californianus最为原始,M. corcuscus次之.每一个贻贝物种都形成单系.其中,M. edulis和M. trossulus是非常相似的,M. corcuscus和M. californianus的亲缘关系近.同时发现,我国沿海分布的紫贻贝(M. galloprovincialis)和厚壳贻贝(M. corcuscus)的遗传多样性都较高,但厚壳贻贝的遗传多样性要低于紫贻贝,可能是由于厚壳贻贝过度被渔民开采等导致厚壳贻贝群体大小降低的缘故.这里系统发育分析为将来进行物种进化、迁移和育种方面的比较研究提供理论基础.     

Accumulation and depuration of pectenotoxins in brown crab Cancer pagurus

Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of marine algal toxins. In this study, the accumulation and depuration of pectenotoxins in brown crab Cancer pagurus were investigated. Crabs were fed with toxic blue mussels Mytilus edulis for 21 days and then depurated for 42 days. Toxins were extracted with methanol from the digestive glands of contaminated crabs, uncontaminated crabs (control group) and from blue mussels for comparison. Extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The concentrations of PTX-2, PTX-2 SA, 7-epi-PTX-2 SA, and PTX-12 were analyzed in two batches of toxic blue mussels and the crabs. A one-compartment model was applied to describe the depuration of PTXs. The half-life of PTXs was estimated to be 6-7.5 days. After depuration for 42 days, the amount of PTXs measured in the crab digestive glands was less than 1 μg/kg.     

厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)血细胞cDNA文库的构建及部分EST 序列分析

采用TRIZOLReagent提取厚壳贻贝血细胞总RNA,分离纯化mRNA,在此基础上以pCMV sport6质粒为载体通过Gateway技术构建了高质量的厚壳贻贝血细胞cDNA文库,以期获得厚壳贻贝血细胞的EST序列标签以及可能的免疫相关功能基因序列。从文库中随机挑选28个克隆进行序列测定及在线BLAST分析。结果表明,在28个随机克隆中,有4个克隆为rRNA基因,7个克隆为未知基因,推测是新基因,17个克隆为功能基因,包括脱氢酶,细胞色素氧化酶,热休克蛋白,金属结合蛋白,肌动蛋白等。以上研究结果为筛选厚壳贻贝免疫相关的新基因,深入研究厚壳贻贝免疫相关因子的分子多样性及免疫机制奠定了基础。     

Comparison of benthic and pelagic suspension feeding in shallow water habitats of the Northeastern Baltic Sea

Combining field experiments with the biomass distribution data of dominant suspension feeders we compared the benthic and pelagic suspension feeding rates in shallow non-tidal brackish water coastal habitats. We found that pelagic grazing exceeded benthic grazing in almost all cases, on average from 14 to 4819 times depending on the site. Benthic grazing rates were related to site-specific environmental parameters and showed no relationship with water chlorophyl a (Chl a ) content, whereas pelagic grazing rates varied both spatially and temporally and were related to water Chl a content. Our results indicate that in several shallow coastal habitats, pelagic suspension feeding substantially exceeds benthic suspension feeding. This suggests that pelagic recycling is higher than the amounts of energy redirected from pelagic to benthic food webs by benthic suspension feeders. These results increase our knowledge of the energy flows in coastal ecosystems.     

厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)养殖海域与天然生长海域的微生物群落比较研究

为研究厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)生长海域微生物群落的结构与多样性特征,初步探究海域微生物群落及共生菌对贻贝生长的影响,分别采集舟山市东极镇庙子湖岛和嵊泗县枸杞岛厚壳贻贝养殖区和野生生长区海水样品,利用16SrRNA扩增子测序技术,比较分析不同海域微生物群落的组成及丰度特征以及微生物群落的差异;同时对厚...     

贻贝发育早期酯酶和过氧化物酶活性

采用组织化学和分光光度技术对贻贝(Mytilus edulis)发育早期酯酶(Esterase,EST)和过氧化物酶(Per-oxidase,POD)活性进行了研究,以探讨贝类早期发育过程中的免疫防御机制。EST和POD均存在于贻贝的卵母细胞、胚胎和幼虫中,但在各个发育时期的分布和含量不同。组织化学定位结果表明,从卵母细胞到D型面盘幼虫各个发育时期的胚胎和幼虫均呈EST强阳性和POD阳性;卵母细胞核区较大且颜色较浅;桑椹期开始出现不同细胞阳性的强弱差异;原肠胚、担轮幼虫和D型面盘幼虫细胞间阳性强弱的差异逐步增大。分光光度测定结果表明,α-醋酸酯酶活力,卵母细胞最低,受精卵略有提高,卵裂期胚胎提高较大且达最高峰,囊胚、原肠胚和担轮幼虫又逐渐下降,D型面盘幼虫下降较大;α-丁酸酯酶活力,卵母细胞较高,受精卵略有提高且达到最高峰,卵裂期胚胎到D型面盘幼虫各个时期逐渐下降,D型面盘幼虫最低。不依赖卤素POD活力,卵母细胞最低,受精卵提高较大,囊胚达到最高峰,原肠胚、担轮幼虫和D型面盘幼虫逐渐降低。依赖卤素POD活力与不依赖卤素POD活力的变化规律相似,但受精卵提高较小,而卵裂期提高较大。EST和POD可能在贻贝的发育早期抵抗病原微生物侵染方面发挥重要作用。     

长牡蛎和紫贻贝对浒苔微观繁殖体生物控制的可行性研究

近年来我国绿潮灾害频发,滤食性贝类对浒苔的生物防控是潜在的防控策略之一。本研究基于实验室内可控实验,探究了长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)和紫贻贝(Mytilusedulis)对浒苔微观繁殖体的滤食作用,并在江苏如东紫菜养殖区进行了长牡蛎和紫贻贝离底式平挂养殖试验。室内滤除实验结果表明,牡蛎和贻贝均可有效截留浒苔微观繁殖体,平均截留速率分别为6892和1589ind/(ind·h),部分被截留的颗粒失去萌发活性,有效滤除速率为3980和574ind/(ind·h)。现场养殖实验结果表明,长牡蛎和紫贻贝可在紫菜养殖区生长存活,每天约能滤除水体中63.7万个浒苔微观繁殖体。研究证实了两种贝类对微观繁殖体的有效滤除能力及江苏浅滩进行牡蛎和贻贝养殖的可行性。养殖方式的进一步的优化改进,以及研究江苏浅滩其他滩涂贝类对浒苔的防控潜力,还需进一步深入开展。     

重金属胁迫下厚壳贻贝谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因表达分析

谷胱甘肽S转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)因对环境污染反应灵敏,且具有降解毒物、抗氧化等作用常被作为水体污染的指示分子;厚壳贻贝对环境污染物具有很强的耐受性,是重要的海洋环境污染监测生物,因此研究厚壳贻贝GST分子及其表达特征,对正确使用其进行海洋环境污染预警具有重要价值。本文通过同源克隆法获得厚壳贻贝GST部分序列(Gene Bank序列号为KC176684),经序列比对和系统进化分析初步推断所得到的GST基因为pi型。鉴于铜和镉是目前海水中主要的重金属污染源,进一步利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测铜和镉胁迫后GST在厚壳贻贝血液中的表达水平,结果显示铜(Cu2+浓度为20μg/L)和镉(Cd2+浓度为200μg/L)胁迫均造成GST高水平表达,但最高表达量出现的时间略有差别,Cu2+出现在刺激后第10 d,表达量为对照组的6.95倍,Cd2+则出现在第15 d,约为对照组的6.11倍,说明GST参与了厚壳贻贝重金属的解毒过程,且对于不同重金属胁迫的解毒能力稍有不同。鉴于厚壳贻贝GST对重金属刺激的敏感作用,可将其作为海水养殖环境污染监测的生物指示基因。     

Variability of heat shock proteins and glutathione S-transferase in gill and digestive gland of blue mussel,Mytilus edulis

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and heat shock proteins (hsps) 40, 60, 70 and 90 were determined by immunoblotting using actin as an internal control in Mytilus edulis from one station outside (site1) and three stations within (sites 2-4) Cork Harbour, Ireland. Comparisons were made between gill and digestive gland and between sites. Gill shows generally higher hsp 60, 70 and 90 while digestive gland has higher hsp 40. Site 1 showed higher gill hsps 40 and 70 than sites 2-4 while gill GST was higher in sites 3 and 4 than 1 and 2. Comparison with sites in the North Sea (site 5: outside Tj?rn? in The Koster archipelago in the Skagerack) and Baltic Sea (site 6: Ask? island) also revealed lower hsps 40 and 70 in site 6 (low salinity) than site 5 (high salinity) although hsps 60, 70 and 90 were detectable in digestive gland unlike sites 1-4. Previously, only hsp 70 had been studied at these sites [Mar. Environ. Res. 39. (1995), 181]. At the mRNA level, gill hsp 70 is 80-fold higher at Tj?rn? than Ask?. These data suggest that, while salinity may slightly decrease hsp 40 and 70, both hsp 70 and GST are selectively up-regulated by approx. 10- and 3-fold, respectively, at Tj?rn? compared to the other sites which we attribute to exposure to more widely fluctuating pollution levels.