Sediment geochemistry as a provenance indicator: Unravelling the cryptic signatures of polycyclic sources,climate change,tectonism and volcanism

Interpretation of bulk‐sediment geochemistry is one of several approaches for determining sediment provenance. This study investigates the value added by bulk‐sediment geochemical analysis in interpreting provenance in a passive margin clastic basin, the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous deltaic sediments of the Scotian Basin. Provenance studies in this basin are challenging because source tectonic terranes are parallel to the basin margin and polycyclic sediment sources are abundant. More than 400 samples of mudstone and sandstone representing the geographical and stratigraphic range of interest were analysed for 57 elements. Diagenetic processes added calcium to many samples and removed potassium in rocks buried below 3 km, thus impacting principal component analysis and published weathering indices. However, multiple geochemical approaches to assessing the degree of weathering showed climatically controlled changes in weathering in the Tithonian and Barremian, and changes in supply from major tectonic events, such as the top‐Aptian uplift in the Labrador rift. Covariance of elements in heavy minerals demonstrates the varying magnitude of polycyclic supply and stratigraphic changes in sources. Geochemical analyses revealed a previously unsuspected Tithonian alkali volcanic sediment source, characterized by high niobium and tantalum. The lack of highly contrasting sources means that geochemistry alone is inadequate to determine sediment provenance. Published discrimination diagrams are of limited value. Statistical analysis of geochemical data is strongly influenced by diagenetic processes, episodic volcanic inputs and polycyclic concentration of resistant heavy minerals in sandstones. Single indicator elements for particular sources are generally lacking. Nevertheless, careful consideration of geochemical variability on a case by case basis, integrated with detrital mineral studies, provides new insights into palaeoclimate, sediment provenance and, hence, regional tectonics. Although there is no simple template for such analysis, this study demonstrates an approach that can be used for other basins.     

大兴安岭北部诺敏河地幔金云母及钾质地幔熔体研究

在大兴安岭北部诺敏河第四纪钾质火山岩携带的地幔捕虏体中,发现少量金云母矿物和富钾地幔熔体。金云母颗粒大小1~5mm,呈网脉状充填在橄榄石和辉石、石榴子石等地幔矿物间隙。电子探针研究表明地幔橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和石榴石等矿物几乎不含钾质成分(K2O0.01%),而金云母矿物成分具有高钾(K2O~10%)、高钛(Ti O25.41%~7.74%)的特点,暗示区域地幔钾的富集与金云母矿物有密切关系。地幔金云母的成因往往与富钾地幔流体/熔体的交代作用有关,在地幔捕虏体矿物反应边的硅酸盐熔体(囊体)中,发现富硅、富钾的熔体,K2O 4%~8%。结合前人地幔熔体研究,认为区域地幔经历了多期、不同成分地幔熔体的富集作用,其中富钾熔体对地幔钾质成分的富集起到重要作用。诺敏钾质火山正是富钾地幔部分熔融的产物,钾质熔体成分的来源可能与俯冲再循环的壳源物质有关。     

长白山天池火山CZK07钻所揭示的火山地层层序和火山作用特征

长白山天池火山是地球上最大的活火山之一,其形成演化过程复杂。本文在对天池周边工程钻岩芯资料系统整理的基础上,以本次在北坡"U"形谷中开展的CZK07钻岩芯为研究对象,揭示天池火山白头山期火山锥体之下的火山喷发物物质组成和火山地层层序变化特征,分析火山活动过程中伴生火山作用的表现形式及断裂构造的活动特征。CZK07钻岩芯较全面地记录了天池火山早期活动、早期造盾、晚期造盾和造盾之后前造锥阶段火山活动的火山地层层序。其中天池火山早期活动记录由蚀变较强的流纹岩组成;早期造盾由军舰山组橄榄玄武岩夹辉石玄武岩组成,形成于上新世;晚期造盾由漫江组粗面质(橄榄)玄武岩夹粗面岩组成,形成于早更新世早期,且至少存在3期火山活动;造盾之后前造锥阶段的火山喷发物由小白山组粗面质熔岩及碎屑岩组成,形成于早更新世晚期。伴生的火山作用记录表现为造盾晚期的玄武质次火山活动,造锥阶段的粗面质次火山活动及伴随发生的蚀变和隐爆现象,及全新世大爆发阶段的隐爆角砾、热液蚀变和次火山活动等现象。天池火山地区晚新生代以来高角度张剪性断层的活动强烈,推测与"U"形谷的形成密切相关。     

南秦岭东江口岩体中丰富金矿矿床特征与成因浅析

陕西省宁陕县丰富金矿产于南秦岭构造带东江口岩体内,为一中型规模金矿床,赋矿围岩为黑云母二长花岗岩。矿床形成于印支-燕山期秦岭造山过程中由碰撞向伸展构造体制转变的后碰撞构造环境,成矿时代限定为200Ma左右的燕山早期,矿床类型为硫化物石英脉型和破碎带蚀变岩型。金的赋存状态有包裹金、裂隙金及晶隙金三种,以裂隙金和晶隙金为主,具有多期成矿特征。围绕主岩浆期后超浅成-浅成侵入的中基性岩脉、岩枝、岩株呈环状展布的缓倾斜断裂是主要的控矿和赋矿构造,成矿作用与主岩浆期后火山-次火山作用或隐蔽爆破作用引发的热液作用有关。     

贵州紫云晚二叠世-早三叠世初火山作用与生物礁的沉积演化

晚二叠世长兴期是华南地区重要的成礁期,也是火山事件频发的一个时期。生物礁是一种对海洋环境十分敏感的生态系,晚二叠世的火山作用势必影响到当时生物礁的生长和沉积相的演化。然而,前人有关晚二叠世火山事件的研究主要集中在二叠系与三叠系界线附近,而对整个长兴期生物礁的演化与火山事件关系的研究则较少。选择贵州紫云的台地边缘礁为研究对象,通过大量磁化率的测试,分析整个晚二叠世生物礁的沉积演化与火山作用的关系。分析结果显示,长兴早期和末期岩石的磁化率值明显偏高,反映较强的火山活动。在这两个时期,造架生物相对不发育。长兴中期,岩石的磁化率值相较于长兴早期和长兴晚期总体偏低,表明火山活动相对较弱,导致生物礁的快速生长。但长兴中期生物礁灰岩中夹有几层生物碎屑灰岩,其磁化率值有小幅度的升高,说明短时期小规模的火山作用虽然导致了生物礁生长的暂时中断,但礁相动荡的环境使得火山灰中细小的铁磁性物质难以沉积下来。研究发现,尽管早三叠世早期泥岩具有高的磁化率值,但泥质岩中多层火山黏土具有异常高的磁化率值,火山灰物质对磁化率大小的影响远远超过陆源物质的贡献。     

The evolution of planets. Venus as the Earth’s probable future

The general evolution of planets in the Solar System is discussed with a focus on the structure and history of Venus compared with the Earth. The history of the planets of the terrestrial group has been similar and included at least six correlated stages. Many common features the terrestrial planets shared in their early and late evolution have been due to their common origin from the protoplanetary gas-and-dust nebula and plume magmatism widespread on all the planets of the terrestrial group. The characteristic features of the structure and evolution of Venus are most brightly manifested in the specific composition of its atmosphere and of plume magmatism. Venus, with its surface as hot as 450 °C and the near-surface pressure of 92-93 bars, has a hot and dense atmosphere 93 times that of the Earth in mass. Most of its atmospheric mass (99%) belongs to the 65-km thick troposphere consisting of CO₂ (96.5%) and N₂ (3.5%). The upper troposphere includes a 25-30 km thick cloud layer composed mainly of sulfuric acid droplets, water vapor, and SO₂. At a height of 49.58 km, the clouds approach the conditions of the terrestrial surface and might be hospitable to bacterial life. Volcanism, the most active and widespread process of Venusian geology, maintains continuous SO₂ emission. There are diverse volcanic edifices on Venus, which are most often large and are similar to the Earth’s plume-related volcanoes. The evolution before 1 Ga, as well as the share and the role of alkaline rocks and carbonatites among its volcanics, are among the most debatable issues about Venus. Being located closer to the Sun, Venus cooled down more slowly and less intensely than the Earth after the primary accretion. In the Proterozoic, it began heating and reached its present state at ~ 1 or 2 Ga. In the future, as the Sun becomes a red giant, the Earth is predicted to begin heating up in 500-600 Myr to reach the temperature of present Venus in about 1.5 Gyr.     

与海相火山作用有关的铁-铜-铅-锌矿床成矿系列类型及成因初探

文章初步厘定了与海相火作用有关的铁、铜、铅、锌矿床成矿系列类型的概念，并对其进行了分类，讨论了其成因，认为内生外成（沉）是其主要特征，即成矿物质主要由火山作用从深部提供，而矿石又是通过沉积作用在海底形成的。在一定程度上，可从成矿类型的角度将块状硫化物矿床与BIF型或磁铁石英岩型矿床联系起来考虑。该类矿床成矿系列类型的演化特点在一定程度上可以反映地球演化的历史轨迹。     

浙江煤山二叠系-三叠系界线附近黄铁矿及其硫同位素组成研究

运用地质学、矿物学、岩石学和地球化学等理论和方法,系统地研究了中国浙江长兴煤山二叠系-三叠系(P/T)界线附近黄铁矿的含量变化、矿物学特征、硫同位素组成及其垂向变化规律等,指出P/T界线附近黄铁矿高含量层位的成因与火山作用有关.研究发现,在浙江煤山长兴组顶部,紧靠P/T界线的第24e2分层石灰岩中,黄铁矿骤然增多,含量高达1.84%,比远离P/T界线的第22至24d分层石灰岩中的黄铁矿含量高出90多倍;硫同位素组成发生突变,δ34S值陡然上升为+2.2‰;其特征与火山气体总硫的同位素组成平均值极为相似,而与细菌还原黄铁矿的硫同位素组成完全不同.而且,在第24e2分层黄铁矿高含量层位中,还共生有较多β-石英等火山碎屑物质;岩石和黄铁矿中微量元素含量异常富集.因此认为,陆地和海底火山活动曾喷出大量的富含H2S的气体,造成古海洋局部最上层海水中富集大量硫化氢,为形成黄铁矿创造了条件.二叠纪、三叠纪之交,强烈的火山作用,使海洋生存环境急剧恶化,是造成海洋生物相继灭绝的主要原因.     

全球火山活动分布特征

根据全球活动火山目录 ,分析研究了全球火山分布的特征 ,描述了各区的火山活动分布 ,总结了火山活动强度的时、空分布特征。全球火山活动可分为三大区 ,西太平洋火山活动区 ,主要与太平洋板块向北西西方向的俯冲活动有关 ;东太平洋火山活动区 ,主要与太平洋东面的小板块 (胡安德富卡板块、科科斯、纳斯卡板块 )向美洲板块的俯冲有关 ;大西洋火山活动区 ,与大西洋和非洲的裂开 ,以及地中海带的活动有关。不同火山区带具有各自的最大喷发等级与相应的复发周期。一条火山弧上活动强度的分布往往是不对称的 ,意味着火山弧在整体上有其动力学的控制机理。火山活动显示了随纬度成带状分布。在 - 10～ 0° ,10 2 0° ,30 4 0°,5 0 6 0°分布有高值带。火山喷发活动还与当地的重力势有关 ,重力势正异常可能与高的正压力有关 ,有利于产生特大喷发。火山活动与大角度的正面俯冲带的弧后火山活动最强 ,当板块运动方向与板块边缘走向成小角度相交时 ,缺少正面俯冲的动力 ,火山活动相对平静。     

Late Quaternary geology of Ambitle Volcano,Feni Island Group,Papua New Guinea

Ambitle Volcano (new name) is the most recently active of four eruptive centres that make up the mainly Pliocene–Pleistocene Tabar–Lihir–Tanga–Feni (TLTF) alkalic volcanic province, located in the New Ireland Basin, Papua New Guinea. Ambitle Volcano is a submarine and subaerial stratovolcano occupying all of Ambitle Island. The volcano rises 2500 m above the surrounding sea floor to sea level and, with a maximum elevation of 479 m above sea level, indicates a structure nearly 3000 m high. Volcanic deposits rest unconformably on Oligocene basement rocks of the New Ireland Basin. The cone of Ambitle Volcano is constructed mainly of lavas and pyroclastic and epiclastic rocks; lavas are commonly vesiculated. These lavas are strongly undersaturated and intermediate in composition (phonolitic tephrite and tephritic phonolite) with alkali basalt, tephrite and basanite and trachybasalt and trachyandesite also present. Syenite porphyry and monzonite stocks intrude the cone-forming mafic–intermediate sequence at Kabang–Matangkaka and in the upper Nanum River. The central part of the Ambitle Volcano is now modified as a prominent semi-circular topographic rim around the Nanum Valley. The Nanum Valley Crater (new name) is the product of large-scale summit failure of the SW flanks of the summit of the Ambitle Volcano. This event is dated no younger than 0.68–0.49 Ma. The Ambitle Crater (new name), the product of Late Quaternary resurgence of volcanism following sector collapse of Ambitle Volcano, is located in the NE portion of the Nanum Valley Crater. The crater is elongated NNE and measures 900 m × 550 m at its widest development. The strong NNE–SSW linearity of the western rim of Ambitle Crater is structurally controlled by the Kabang Fault. Tephra was erupted from the Ambitle Crater at 2300 ± 100 a and is widely dispersed throughout the Nanum Valley Crater and beyond. This is the youngest volcanic event in the TLTF volcanic province. The Niffin graben is a major NW–SE-trending structural corridor that transects Ambitle Island. The structural corridor is parallel to the NW–SE strike of the TLTF volcanic province suggesting it has been an important control on magmatism and volcanism. Presently active geothermal systems are located along Niffin graben structures in the western valleys of the island and in the Nanum Valley Crater. The volcanic rocks of Ambitle Volcano host porphyry Cu–Au style mineralisation and epithermal Ladolam-type Au mineralisation. Extensive exploration including surface sampling and subsurface drilling completed since 1983 on many prospects has not defined an economic resource.