海水营养盐参考物质的国际比对实验

准确可靠的海水营养盐数据是研究海洋生物地球化学过程的重要前提,为增加我国海洋化学实验室与全球其他实验室间的营养盐数据的可比性,本文介绍了厦门大学近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室参与由国际海洋碳协作计划等海洋机构组织的海水营养盐参考物质的国际比对实验的具体测量过程和测量结果。在5次国际比对实验中（2006—2017年）,本实验室采用基于间隔连续流动分析技术测量海水营养盐参考物质中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐,在共计117项比对参数中,本实验室的结果与其他实验室高度可比,获得的满意测量结果高达109项,占比大于90%,且其中88%的测量值与公认的标准值的偏差在1倍的能力评定标准偏差之内,与国际同类实验室相比,本实验室对海水营养盐的测量能力在历年中保持在国际先进行列。本文基于历年国际比对的经验,对如何提升我国对海水、特别是开阔大洋营养盐测量的准确度提出了参考建议,为提高我国对海水营养盐的测量能力达到国际先进水平提供了借鉴。     

Estimation of seismic drift demands for frame structures

A process is outlined and evaluated for the estimation of seismic roof and storey drift demands for frame structures from the spectral displacement demand at the first mode period of the structure. The spectral displacement demand is related to the roof drift demand for the multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) structure using three modification factors, accounting for MDOF effects, inelasticity effects, and P‐delta effects. Median values and measures of dispersion for the factors are obtained from elastic and inelastic time history analyses of nine steel moment resisting frame structures subjected to sets of ground motions representative of different hazard levels. The roof drift demand is related to the storey drift demands, with the results being strongly dependent on the number of stories and the ground motion characteristics. The relationships proposed in this paper should prove useful in the conceptual design phase, in estimating deformation demands for performance assessment, and in improving basic understanding of seismic behaviour. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parameterization of the Ångström–Prescott formula based on machine learning benefit estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration with missing solar radiation data

Accurately estimated reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) is essential to regional water management. The FAO recommends coupling the Penman–Monteith (P-M) model with the Ångström–Prescott (A-P) formula as the standard method for ET₀ estimation with missing R_s measurements. However, its application is usually restricted by the two fundamental coefficients (a and b) of the A-P formula. This paper proposes a new method for estimating ET₀ with missing R_s by combining machine learning with physical-based P-M models (PM-ET₀). The benchmark values of the A-P coefficients were first determined at the daily, monthly, and yearly scales, and further evaluated in R_s and ET₀ estimates at 80 national R_s measuring stations. Then, three empirical models and four machine-learning methods were evaluated in estimating the A-P coefficients. Machine learning methods were also used to estimate ET₀ (ML-ET₀) to compare with the PM-ET₀. Finally, the optimal estimation method was used to estimate the A-P coefficients for the 839 regular weather stations for ET₀ estimation without R_s measurement for China. The results demonstrated a descending trend for coefficient a from northwest to southeast China, with larger values in cold seasons. However, coefficient b showed the opposite distribution as the coefficient a. The FAO has recommended a larger a but a smaller b for southeast China, which produced the region's largest R_s and ET₀ estimation errors. Additionally, the A-P coefficients calibrated at the daily scale obtained the best estimation accuracy for both R_s and ET₀, and slightly outperformed the monthly and yearly coefficients without significant difference in most cases. The machine learning methods outperformed the empirical methods for estimating the A-P coefficients, especially for the sites with extreme values. Further, ML-ET₀ outperformed the PM-ET₀ with yearly A-P coefficients but underperformed those with daily and monthly ones. This study indicates an exciting potential for combining machine learning with physical models for estimating ET₀. However, we found that using the A-P coefficients with finer time scales is unnecessary to deal with the missing R_s measurements.     

网络RTK中几种实用技术的分析比较

针对网络RTK中采用的几种技术作出详尽的论述,在理论分析的基础上对各种技术的优缺点进行了比较。认为合理选取网络RTK中的实用技术能更好地发挥其可靠性高、覆盖地区广和定位精度高等优势。     

云贵高原锋线的动态特征

面向精细化的气象服务需求,为做到对云贵高原锋面系统变化的精准把控,深入认知其动态演变规律,基于50 a（1971—2020年）逐日台站观测资料,提出了一种利用线性拟合近似判定云贵高原地面锋线的方法,并通过综合分析锋线位置和锋线周边气象要素的空间分布和时间变化特征以及长持续锋线事件的锋线位置、走向变化,系统揭示了云贵高原锋线的移动特征,展现了云贵高原准“静”止锋的“动”态特征。结果表明,冷性锋线集中在102.5°—105°E,最大降温区在锋线东侧,暖性锋线集中在104.5°—105.75°E,最大升温区位于锋线西侧;锋线附近气象要素的变化与锋线的移动紧密相关,西进的锋线一般会伴随锋线附近的降温、升压和日照减少,东退的锋线则相反;根据长持续锋线事件的连续演变过程,可将锋线事件区分为静止、西移和东移3类,静止型出现次数最多,西移型可连续快速推进并伴随锋线南部的顺时针摆动,东移型出现频次较低且移速相对较慢。上述结果通过对云贵高原锋线,特别是其动态特征的客观定量描述,为该地区在锋线影响下各气象要素的精细化预报提供了重要参考。      

土壤界限含水率标准物质研制

界限含水率是细粒土定名分类、评价土的工程性质的重要依据,也是黏土矿勘查和工业利用的重要评价指标.不准确的界限含水率测试结果将可能导致严重的工程安全事故,造成人身和经济财产损失.标准物质是保障分析数据准确、可比和有效的重要手段,但当前国内外尚无土壤界限含水率标准物质,可见研制土壤界限含水率标准物质具有重要的现实意义.基于...     

钢筋混凝土平面框架结构拟动力有限元分析

采用ABAQUS软件建立2层1榀1跨钢筋混凝土平面框架结构的三维实体精细有限元模型进行拟动力分析,模型考虑混凝土的塑性损伤和钢材的弹塑性混合强化性质、结构阻尼和连续地震引起的塑性损伤累积效应.在位移、恢复力的计算结果与已有拟动力试验结果符合较好的基础上,进一步分析该平面框架的结构损伤、塑性耗能分配机制以及混凝土、钢筋的...     

西安地铁二号线沿线地裂缝特征、危害及对策

地裂缝是西安地区典型的地质灾害,对该地区的各类工程建筑、交通设施、城市生命线工程及土地资源造成威胁,尤其是对拟建的西安地铁二号线的施工与安全运营影响更大。本文首先介绍了西安地裂缝的基本特征,然后阐述了西安地铁二号线穿越地裂缝的基本情况。根据实际观测数据及地表累计活动量确定了地铁二号线穿越的各条地裂缝在不同时间段的活动速率及地裂缝活动的影响范围,在此基础上提出了针对地裂缝灾害的防治措施。     

武汉地区GPS气象网试验研究

There are three aspects in the study of GPS meteorology network in the Wuhan region. The first is the comparison of the GPS precipitable water vapor between final ephemeris and ultra-rapid ephemeris for which the relative coefficient is 99.97 and the root mean squares is 0.048 mm. It can be concluded that ultra-rapid ephemeris can be used to get the GPS precipitable water vapor for the real-time prediction. The second is the comparison of precipitable water vapor of GPS stations and the distribution of water vapor in the Wuhan region is acquired. The change of GPS precipitable water vapor and rainfall in a rainfall process are compared and analyzed. The change of GPS precipitable water vapor can reflect and predict the process of rainfall.     

基于GDCORS的GPS作业模式研究

在广东省连续运行卫星定位服务系统（以下简称为GDCORS）建成并投入运行应用后,从经典GPS、网络RTIC2个方面进行了研究,为GDCORS的推广及应用,提供更有指导意义的作业方法。