Pushover analysis of reinforced concrete frames considering shear failure at beam-column joints

Since most current seismic capacity evaluations of reinforced concrete(RC) frame structures are implemented by either static pushover analysis(PA) or dynamic time history analysis,with diverse settings of the plastic hinges(PHs) on such main structural components as columns,beams and walls,the complex behavior of shear failure at beam-column joints(BCJs) during major earthquakes is commonly neglected.This study proposes new nonlinear PA procedures that consider shear failure at BCJs and seek to assess the actual damage to RC structures.Based on the specifications of FEMA-356,a simplified joint model composed of two nonlinear cross struts placed diagonally over the location of the plastic hinge is established,allowing a sophisticated PA to be performed.To verify the validity of this method,the analytical results for the capacity curves and the failure mechanism derived from three different full-size RC frames are compared with the experimental measurements.By considering shear failure at BCJs,the proposed nonlinear analytical procedures can be used to estimate the structural behavior of RC frames,including seismic capacity and the progressive failure sequence of joints,in a precise and effective manner.     

Urbanization of the United States over two centuries: an approach based on a long-term database (1790–2010)

This paper presents an original methodology for the construction of a harmonized database for urban areas in the United States from 1790 to 2010 (a period with a census every 10 years, amounting to 23 dates). Upstream, this method is based on a theoretical choice, the use of a spatio-temporal reference frame to construct urban areas over the long term, defined by a maximum range of one hour’s travel for each period. We used an automatic aggregation from a Reilly model. Urban measures (growth, concentration) derived from this harmonized database are then presented, providing a unified picture of urbanization in the United States over more than two centuries. They are compared with results derived from more classical databases established using the official figures from the Census Bureau, or from other constructions differing from the present system. The results diverge considerably in some instances, which confirms the impact of the method of delineation of geographical areas in measures of growth.     

Calibration of the New Certified Reference Materials ERM‐AE633 and ERM‐AE647 for Copper and IRMM‐3702 for Zinc Isotope Amount Ratio Determinations

The commonly used, but no longer available, reference materials NIST SRM 976 (Cu) and ‘JMC Lyon’ (Zn) were calibrated against the new reference materials ERM^®‐AE633, ERM^®‐AE647 (Cu) and IRMM‐3702 (Zn), certified for isotope amount ratios. This cross‐calibration of new with old reference materials provides a continuous and reliable comparability of already published with future Cu and Zn isotope data. The Cu isotope amount ratio of NIST SRM 976 yielded δ^65/63Cu values of ?0.01 ± 0.05‰ and ?0.21 ± 0.05‰ relative to ERM^®‐AE633 and ERM^®‐AE647, respectively, and a δ^66/64Zn_IRMM‐3702 value of ?0.29 ± 0.05‰ was determined for ‘JMC Lyon’. Furthermore, we separated Cu and Zn from five geological reference materials (BCR‐2, BHVO‐2, BIR‐1, AGV‐1 and G‐2) using a two‐step ion‐exchange chromatographic procedure. Possible isotope fractionation of Cu during chromatographic purification and introduction of resin‐ and/or matrix‐induced interferences were assessed by enriched ⁶⁵Cu isotope addition. Instrumental mass bias correction for the isotope ratio determinations by MC‐ICP‐MS was performed using calibrator‐sample bracketing with internal Ni doping for Cu and a double spike approach for Zn. Our results for the five geological reference materials were in very good agreement with literature data, confirming the accuracy and applicability of our analytical protocol.     

Chemical Characterisation of Natural Ilmenite: A Possible New Reference Material

Seven ilmenite (FeTiO₃) megacrysts derived from alnöite pipes (Island of Malaita, Solomon Islands) were characterised for their major and trace element compositions in relation to their potential use as secondary reference materials for in situ microanalysis. Abundances of thirteen trace elements obtained by laser ablation ICP‐MS analyses (using the NIST SRM 610 glass reference material) were compared with those determined by solution‐mode ICP‐MS measurements, and these indicated good agreement for most elements. The accuracy of the LA‐ICP‐MS protocol employed here was also assessed by repeated analysis of MPI‐DING international glass reference materials ML3B‐G and KL2‐G. Several of the Malaitan ilmenite megacrysts exhibited discrepancies between laser ablation and solution‐mode ICP‐MS analyses, primarily attributed to the presence of a titano‐magnetite exsolution phase (at the grain boundaries), which were incorporated solely in the solution‐mode runs. Element abundances obtained by LA‐ICP‐MS for three of the ilmenite megacrysts (CRN63E, CRN63H and CRN63K) investigated here had RSD (2s) values of < 20% and therefore can be considered as working values for reference purposes during routine LA‐ICP‐MS analyses of ilmenite.     

BAM‐S005 Type A and B: New Silicate Reference Glasses for Microanalysis

To test whether the silicate reference glasses BAM‐S005‐A and BAM‐S005‐B from BAM (The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany) are suitable materials for microanalysis, we investigated the homogeneity of these reference glasses using the microanalytical techniques EPMA, LA‐ICP‐MS and SIMS. Our study indicated that all major and most trace elements are homogeneously distributed at micrometre sampling scale in both types of glass. However, some trace elements (e.g., Cs, Cl, Cr, Mo and Ni) seem to be inhomogeneously distributed. We also determined the composition of BAM‐S005‐A and BAM‐S005‐B. The EPMA data of major elements confirmed the information values specified by the certificate. With the exception of Sr, Ba, Ce and Pb, our trace element data by LA‐ICP‐MS were also in agreement with the certified values within the stated uncertainty limits. The reasons for the discrepancy in these four elements are still unclear. In addition, we report new data for twenty‐two further trace elements, for which the concentrations were not certified. Based on our investigation, we suggest that both of these materials are suitable for many microanalytical applications.     

陇东煤田中侏罗世层序地层格架

层序地层对比是指在横向上不同钻孔（钻井）或剖面之间,进行层序地层格架的横向对比工作。这方面的工作包括：三级层序边界的追踪、对比,三级体系域的对比,标志层的追踪和对比,煤层的对比等。层序地层对比和层序地层格架具有重要的意义。在含煤盆地中,湖泛面变化控制了范围内聚煤中心的迁移规律,因此,层序对比工作对于寻找有利聚煤区域十分重要。此外,研究煤层在层序地层格架中的位置并进行横向上的层序对比工作,可以有效地追踪煤层在层序地层中位置的变化情况,总结出煤层聚集和赋存的规律,从而较好地规划和指导陇东煤田煤炭资源的勘查开发工作。     

挥发性有机污染物标准物质使用的短期稳定性评价

为对挥发性有机物标准物质的短期稳定性进行评价,选取美国ChemService公司生产的LVOC-1RPM(甲醇中54种挥发性有机污染物混合标准物质)和SS-524RPM(甲醇中4-溴氟苯和1,2-二氯苯-d4混合标准物质),将其开封后转移至2 mL带聚四氟乙烯衬盖的棕色螺口样品瓶中再密封,于-18℃避光贮存,采用气相色谱-质谱法测试各组分量值随贮存时间的变化。结果表明,在65 d内,两种标准物质各组分量值测量的标准偏差在12～60 mg/L范围内,最大相对标准偏差为2.97%(n=5),测量结果的相对不确定度小于5.39%。在置信度为95%时,χ2-检验和不确定度评定结果表明,评价方法满足标准物质稳定性检验的精密度和准确度要求;标准物质各组分量值在(2000±128)mg/L范围内时,测量的偏差不显著。在不超过标准物质的有效期内,开封后再密封的LVOC-1RPM标准物质至多可保存65 d,而SS-524RPM标准物质至少可保存65 d。     

统一水文监测数据传输规约探讨

近年水文自动测报系统飞速发展,市场规模扩大,厂家与产品也越来越多。由于数据传输规约不统一,造成不同厂家所建系统难以兼容,遥测终端不能互换,给系统建设及运行管理带来不便。基于此,行业主管部门组织编制了一套规约,以期全国统一。本文阐述了规约编制遵循的原则,采取的相关技术措施,说明了规约的框架结构,并列举实例,详细介绍了ASCII和HEX/BCD两种字符编码的实现方法。从现实角度出发,展望了统一规约所需经历的过程,提出了应采取的相关措施。     

结合帧选及配准的多帧超分辨率盲复原

传统的图像复原技术不仅无法恢复截止频率之外的信息,而且没有考虑不良帧及帧间运动对复原图像质量的影响。通过对传统多帧图像盲复原模型加入运动和降采样因子进行超分辨率扩展得到一个超分辨率盲复原模型,在此基础上,首先以平均梯度和信息熵作为帧选标准,其次结合金字塔光流法对帧选后的图像进行配准,最后利用该模型进行超分辨率盲复原。实验证明,结合帧选和配准的复原方法可以抑制噪声放大及由目标空间位置偏移造成的边缘模糊。该模型是一个有效的超分辨率盲复原模型,复原图像质量优于样条插值和传统多帧盲解卷积算法。     

基于机载激光雷达技术的城市三维数据建设

三维激光扫描技术获取的点云数据是目前世界上先进的测绘新技术成果之一,它不仅可以实现三维场景复制,而且与其他测绘技术手段相比,数据更丰富,精度更高。本文首先介绍了激光点云数据获取的原理,叙述了基于点云数据制作三维建筑体框模型和DEM的技术方案,进而详细讲解了点云数据处理和建立建筑物体框模型的流程。