Nitrogen fixation driven by mesoscale eddies and the Kuroshio Current in the northern South China Sea and the East China Sea

N₂ fixation rates (NFR, in terms of N) in the northern South China Sea (nSCS) and the East China Sea (ECS) were measured using the acetylene reduction assay in summer and winter, 2009. NFR of the surface water ranged from 1.14 nmol/(L·d) to 10.40 nmol/(L·d) (average at (4.89±3.46) nmol/(L·d), n=11) in summer and 0.74 nmol/(L·d) to 29.45 nmol/(L·d) (average at (7.81±8.50) nmol/(L·d), n=15) in winter. Significant spatio-temporal heterogeneity emerged in our study: the anticyclonic eddies (AE) (P<0.01) and the Kuroshio Current (KC) (P<0.05) performed significantly higher NFR than that in the cyclonic eddies or no-eddy area (CEONE), indicating NFR was profoundly influenced by the physical process of the Kuroshio and mesoscale eddies. The depth-integrated N₂ fixation rates (INF, in terms of N) ranged from 52.4 μmol/(m2·d) to 905.2 μmol/(m2·d) (average at (428.9±305.5) μmol/(m2·d), n=15) in the winter. The contribution of surface NFR to primary production (PP) ranged from 1.7% to 18.5% in the summer, and the mean contribution of INF to new primary production (NPP) in the nSCS and ECS were estimated to be 11.0% and 36.7% in the winter. The contribution of INF to NPP (3.0%–93.9%) also decreased from oligotrophic sea toward the eutrophic waters affected by runoffs or the CEONE. Furthermore, we observed higher contributions compared to previous studies, revealing the vital roles of nitrogen fixation in sustaining the carbon pump of the nSCS and ECS.     

波浪作用下沉积物中氮、磷释放速率的试验研究

湖泊或海湾中的沉积物吸附氮(N)、磷(P)等元素所形成的沉积层成为水体富营养化的內源。在波浪作用下,尤其是强浪作用下,沉积物中的N、P会通过内源释放作用大量进入水体中。本文在自制的U型水槽中开展实验,采用不同水头差来模拟波浪的循环荷载作用,研究了沉积层中的N、P在静置固结状态(Ⅰ)、加波未液化状态(Ⅱ)、加波液化状态(Ⅲ)下的释放规律,并给出该试验条件下的沉积物释放速率的拟合方程。试验结果表明:沉积物中总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(TDN)的释放速率会随着水动力作用的增强而增加;总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)和活性磷酸盐(SRP)的释放速率也随着水动力作用增强而增加,但水体中悬浮物(SS)含量过高会限制其释放速率。     

荒漠草原植物群落光合速率对水氮添加的响应

氮沉降和降水格局改变对草原生态系统的结构、功能及关键过程具有重要影响。依托内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原研究站的全球变化实验平台,研究了氮添加和增减雨（+50%、-50%）及其交互作用对荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和植被特征的影响,分析了荒漠草原植物群落光合速率与植被特征的关系。结果表明：（1）短期氮添加对荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和植被特征没有显著影响（P > 0.05）;（2）降水格局改变显著影响荒漠植物群落光合速率（P < 0.05）,减雨50%显著降低了荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和优势种植物高度（P < 0.05）,而降水增加50%没有改变群落光合速率和植被特征,降水改变下的土壤水分能很好地解释群落光合速率;（3）氮添加和增加降水的交互效应显著提高了群落的光合速率和优势种植物高度（P < 0.05）,而减少降水与氮添加没有显著影响;（4）荒漠草原植物群落盖度、优势种盖度、优势种平均高度与群落的光合速率呈现出指数增加关系,解释率为40%~58%。干旱极大地抑制荒漠草原植物群落光合速率,而氮沉降则依赖于降水增加来提高群落的光合速率,荒漠草原植物群落光合速率与水肥处理下的植物生长特征具有密切的关系。     

Annual Variation of Benthic Nutrient Fluxes in Shallow Coastal Waters (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea)

Abstract. Benthic fluxes of dissolved N. Si and P nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic C (DIC), and O₂ from sediments in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic, Italy) were measured monthly for 16 months, using laboratory incubated flux chambers at in siru temperatures in the dark. The annual average fluxes were: 02 = -19.3 ± 8.2, DIC = 13.7 ± 9.6, NO3 = -0.04 ± 0.16, NH4 = 0.3 ± 0.4. PO₄= 4.001 ± 0.01, Si = 0.9 ± 0.1 mmol m-² d^-1, with strong temporal fluctuations. The highest effluxes of all nutrients and DIC were observed in the summer. Small effluxes of DIC and NH4 and influxes of Si and PO4 were observed in late winter. Only NH₄ (ca. 50%) and Si (ca. 70%) fluxes were significantly correlated with temperature. This correlation suggests that the rate of downward input and the quality of sedimented organic matter (autochthonous and allochthonous) were superimposed on the temperature fluctuations. High DIC, NH₄ and Si effluxes observed in May 1993 during low temperature were due to the degradation of sedimentary organic matter produced by an early spring bloom of benthic microalgae which occurred about 6 weeks earlies while the autumn phytoplankton bloom was simultaneously reflected in enhanced benthic fluxes due to higher temperature. The role of benthic biological advection in this transport across the sediment-water interface, evaluated by comparison between measured benthic and calculated diffusive fluxes from nutrient pore water concentrations, was of minor importance. This is probably due to low infaunal activity throughout the year it was localized mostly in the narrow surficial layer. The annual average diffusive fluxes of NH4 and PO4 were higher than those measured, probably due to the presence of nitrificationdenitrifi-cation processes and redox-dependent chemical reactions at the oxic sediment-water interface, respectively. Only during bottom-water hypoxia in September 1993 did strong PO₄ effluxes prevail. Calculations based on the Redfield stoichiometry of oxic decomposition of organic N to NH4 and NO3, and differences between diffusive and measured NH₄ fluxes showed that denitrifkation averaged 0.8 mmol m^-2 d^-1. Significant correlations between NH₄ and PO₄ DIC and Si, and NH4 and Si fluxes suggested their parallel regeneration and utilization at the sediment-water interface. The nutrient fluxes observed were not significantly linked to O₂ consumption, suggesting also that anaerobic oxidation processes were important at the sediment-water interface in the gulf. The N, P and Si nutriqnts released from sediment pore waters are probably utilized in benthic microalgal and bottorn-hater primary production. This indicates that pelagic and benthic communities in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste function relatively independently of each other.     

牙鲆鱼耗氧率、氮排泄率与体重及温度的关系

对个体重２．５～３４．５ｇ的牙鲆幼鱼在不同水温（１２、１７、２２、２７℃）下的耗氧率和氮排泄率进行了测试和分析。结果表明，牙鲆幼鱼的耗氧率和氮排泄率均随体重的增加而增加，其差异均达到极显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）；牙鲆幼鱼的耗氧率随水温上升而增加，但仅２７℃组与其他３个温度梯度组分别比较，出现差异极其显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），后３个温度梯度组之间的差异则不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；牙鲆幼鱼的氮排泄率也随温度的提高而增加，其差异亦达到极显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）。作者认为，在牙鲆养殖生产过程中，养殖水体溶解氧应维持在３ｍｇ／Ｌ以上，养殖水温以不超过２７℃为宜。     

长江和长江口高含量无机氮的主要控制因素

根据1998－1998年长江和长江口河水和雨水的现场调查、历史资料以及相关文献，定量分析长江流域无机氮的主要来源和输送调查。估算表明，降水无机氮、农业非点源氮（化肥和土壤流失的氮）和点源污水氮的输入分别占长江口无机氮输出通量的62．3％、18．5％和14．4％。氮的降水输入是长江口高含量无机氮的主要来源，进入长江的降水氮仅仅大约占长江流域全部降水氮的36．8％。降水米要受控于化肥气态损失、化石燃料及动植物过程中释放的物质等。实际上，化肥N的气态损失和农业非点源流失大约占长江流域年化肥N使用量的60％，这是控制长江口高含量无机氮的关键因素。     

山东日照和福建厦门沿海花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)遗传多样性的RAPD研究

采用RAPD技术 ,分析了日照、厦门沿海花鲈两群体的遗传多样性水平。结果表明 ,31条随机引物共扩增出两地花鲈 45 5条RAPD标记带 ,其中日照群体占 2 63条 ,厦门群体为1 92条 ;45 5条中有 1 84条带为两群体共有。日照群体内遗传相似度I为 0 892 8(差异度为0 1 0 72 ) ,厦门群体I为 0 92 2 5 (差异度为 0 0 775 ) ,而两者群体间的遗传相似度I为 0 8338(遗传距离D =0 1 662 )。两地花鲈在基因组DNA水平上存在较大的遗传差异。利用随机引物S1 1、S42、S45、S5 2和S2 0 3,在花鲈两群体间扩增出 8条稳定、明显的群体间特异性标记带     

珠江口海域无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量的时空变化特征

主要利用1998年在珠江口海域连续同步观测资料，研究该海域无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量和富营养化状况。结果表明，无机氮主要来自四个口门的径流，但深圳湾附近的陆源亦有一定贡献；无机氮的形态主要以硝酸氮为主，而在深圳湾附近海域则以氨氮为主；无机氮含量普遍超过0．30mg/dm^3的我国海水水质标准二类标准值，大部分海域已超过0．50mg/dm^3的四类水质标准值，径流对活性磷酸盐含量的贡献不显著，而深圳湾附近的陆源则有明显的贡献，从珠江口附近由沿岸流和涨潮流带来的活性磷酸盐亦有明显的影响；除深圳湾附近海域活性磷酸盐含量超过0．030mg/dm^3的二类海水水质标准值外，其他海域基本符合0.015mg/dm^3的一类海水水质标准值要求。该海域的N／P值普遍较高，而且北部海域的高于南部海域；最高值超过300，最小值也大小30；该水域的营养盐主要为磷限制。     

黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus eupogon)不同生态地理分布群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用40个黄颡鱼微卫星分子标记对吉林省月亮湖野生黄颡鱼(YL,30尾)、四川野生黄颡鱼(SC,30尾)、黑龙江省哈尔滨市松花江段黄颡鱼(SH,18尾)、湖北省荆州市长湖野生黄颡鱼子代(YY,30尾)及其亲本(QQ,30尾)、天津市换新国家级原良种场黄颡鱼1号(TJ,30尾)6个黄颡鱼群体的观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ae)等进行了遗传检测,根据基因频率计算遗传相似系数和Nei氏标准遗传距离,x2检验估计Hardy-weinberg平衡,采用近交系数(FST)和基因流(Nm)分析群体的遗传分化及其来源.同时,使用PHYLIP3.63软件绘制基于Nei氏标准遗传距离的UPGMA进化树.6个群体共检测到5042个扩增片段,长度在150-650bp,40个基因座扩增出等位基因数从1-8个不等,共计143个等位基因,平均每个基因座扩增得到3.575个等位基因.结果显示:(1)6个黄颡鱼群体的多态性指标均适中,PIC在0.00-0.79之间,平均值为0.40、0.37、0.35、0.39、0.35和0.19,有效等位基因数(Ae)1.00-5.44个不等,平均有效等位基因数依次为2.05、2.30、1.93、2.07、1.93和1.47,无偏期望杂合度(He)在0.00-0.83之间,平均值为0.45、0.46、0.36、0.46、0.41和0.23;(2)遗传相似系数YY与QQ遗传相似度最高(0.9947),TJ与SC遗传相似系数最低(0.4846),聚类结果与地理分布呈一定相关性.     

冬季刺参养殖环境与肠道内细菌菌群的研究

运用传统细菌分离培养与分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对2008年11月至2009年1月冬季刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Liao)养殖池塘环境(养殖水、底泥、附着基)及刺参肠道内的细菌菌群进行了分析。应用平板稀释涂布培养计数法测得刺参养殖池塘水体、底泥、附着基和肠道细菌数量分别为0.75×102～1.4×104cfu/mL、8.7×104～8.1×105cfu/g、3.8×105～2.8×106cfu/g、7.1×105～1.5×107cfu/g;根据形态学差异从培养所得的细菌中筛选得到22株菌,用限制性内切酶Rsa I和Msp I对所分离菌株进行ARDRA(Amplified rDNA Restriction Analysis)分析,这22株菌被分为8种不同的分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTU),其中OTU2与OTU3所包含的菌株分别占分离菌株种数的30%和20%;此外,作者对不同环境培养所得的优势度最高的细菌进行分子鉴定分析。结果表明:水环境中优势菌为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)、门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina)及巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),沉积物中优势菌为巨大芽孢杆菌(B.megaterium)、施氏假单胞菌(P.stutzeri)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis),附着基中优势菌为巨大芽孢杆菌(B.megaterium)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiensis),灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus),肠道中优势菌为巨大芽孢杆菌(B.megaterium)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiensis),灿烂弧菌(V.splendidus)、施氏假单胞菌(P.stutzeri)。通过对冬季刺参池塘细菌菌群多样性分析和优势菌鉴定,为筛选低温益生菌和防治刺参疾病提供了有益参考。