Surface conductivity in rocks: a review

Electrical properties of rocks depend on composition (i.e. bulk properties of the constituents), micro structure (i.e. geometrical arrangement of the constituents) and interfacial effects. We consider here a rock as a three component system — grains, pores, and interfaces — in order to account for the observed behaviour. We review first the main results relative to DC. conductivity. Surface conductivity effects show up clearly in the case of shaly formations or at low salinities. Although Archies' law (1942) and Waxman and Smits model (1968) are widely used, a more physically based model is that of Johnson and Sen (1988). We review also the variable frequency conductivity (complex conductivity) data and models. The important effect in that case is the enhancement of the dielectric constant at low frequencies (Knight and Nur, 1987) which can be interpreted as a geometrical effect although electrochemical interactions may also play an important role at low frequencies, depending on the rock type.     

A crustal seismic velocity model for the UK, Ireland and surrounding seas

A regional model of the 3-D variation in seismic P -wave velocity structure in the crust of NW Europe has been compiled from wide-angle reflection/refraction profiles. Along each 2-D profile a velocity–depth function has been digitised at 5 km intervals. These 1-D velocity functions were mapped into three dimensions using ordinary kriging with weights determined to minimise the difference between digitised and interpolated values. An analysis of variograms of the digitised data suggested a radial isotropic weighting scheme was most appropriate. Horizontal dimensions of the model cells are optimised at 40 × 40 km and the vertical dimension at 1 km. The resulting model provides a higher resolution image of the 3-D variation in seismic velocity structure of the UK, Ireland and surrounding areas than existing models. The construction of the model through kriging allows the uncertainty in the velocity structure to be assessed. This uncertainty indicates the high density of data required to confidently interpolate the crustal velocity structure, and shows that for this region the velocity is poorly constrained for large areas away from the input data.     

2-D Crustal thermal structure along Thuadara-Sindad DSS profile across Narmada-Son lineament,central India

Central India is traversed by a WSW-ENE trending Narmada-Son lineament (NSL) which is characterized by the presence of numerous hot springs, feeder dykes for Deccan Traps and seismicity all along its length. It is divided in two parts by the Barwani-Sukta Fault (BSF). To the west of this fault a graben exists, whereas to the east the basement is uplifted between Narmada North Fault (NNF) and Narmada South Fault (NSF). The present work deals with the 2-D thermal modeling to delineate the crustal thermal structure of the western part of NSL region along the Thuadara-Sindad Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profile which runs almost in the N-S direction across the NSL. Numerical results of the model reveal that the conductive surface heat flow value in the region under consideration varies between 45 and 47mW/m². Out of which 23mW/m² is the contribution from the mantle heat flow and the remaining from within the crust. The Curie depth is found to vary between 46 and 47 km and is in close agreement with the earlier reported Curie depth estimated from the analysis of MAGSAT data. The Moho temperature varies between 470 and 500°C. This study suggests that this western part of central Indian region is characterized by low mantle heat flow which in turn makes the lower crust brittle and amenable to the occurrence of deep focused earthquakes such as Satpura (1938) earthquake.     

Dynamic of the freshwater–saltwater interface in a karstic aquifer under extraordinary recharge action: the Merida Yucatan case study

A hydraulic analysis of the interface between freshwater–saltwater behavior was done in the Merida Yucatan zone, two machines that constantly register the groundwater levels were installed, and three electric conductivity logs were taken from wells. When comparing the measured results with the ones obtained using theoretical equations developed to calculate the freshwater–saltwater interface position, it was proved that in some cases these equations can be applied, and in others not. Two effects that rule the behavior of karst aquifers in extraordinary conditions were found.     

A new analytical solution estimating the flexural rigidity in the Central Andes

We present a new 2-D analytical solution of the fourth-order differential equation, which describes the flexure of a thin elastic plate.
The new analytical solution allows the differential equation for an elastic plate to be solved for any irregular shaped topography with a high spatial resolution. We apply the new method to the Central Andes. The flexural rigidity distribution calculated by this technique correlates well with tectonic units and the location of fault zones, for example, the Central Andean Gravity High correlates with the presence of a rigid, high-density body.     

开放式地理信息系统(OpenGIS)与互操作技术分析

地理信息系统技术在取得巨大发展的同时，其孤立性、封闭性的缺陷越来越不适合现代信息社会的要求，开放式地理信息系统（OpenGIS）规范和互操作技术的提出，不仅为数据共享提供了崭新的思路，而且将GIS带入了开放的时代，从而使得各个系统间实现不同类型地理数据和地理处理方法的透明访问成为可能。本文主要就OpenGIS规范和互操作技术作了一些探讨，最后结合我国的实际情况，分析了OpenGIS在我国的应用现状与未来展望。     

三级层序界面野外露头的识别判断标志——以南盘江坳陷晚古生界地层为例

在岩性及岩相观察基础上以不同类型的米级旋回层序作为分层和描述地层的基本工作单元，把米级旋回层及其有序叠加形式作为识别三级层序的基础，通过野外露头的详细观察、描述认为：在南盘江坳陷晚古生界地层中SB1型层序界面是以区域平行不整合面、古风化壳、古土壤层、下伏地层的强烈白云石化以及沉积物转化面为识别标志；SB2型序界面是以沉积物转化面、地层结构转化面及古土壤层为识别标志：SB3型层序界面是以凝缩段直接覆盖在下伏地层之上为识别标志；SB型层序界面是以上下地层的岩性组合、地层结构转化面及年代地层为识别标志。     

硫化物固—液界面电化学效应实验探讨

硫化物作为一类重要的常见矿物，目前国内外对其表面矿物学特征研究有限。具体到硫化物固－液界面处的行为机理，前人的研究程度就更低了。笔者自行设计了一个Fe1-xS-Cr^6 原电池，通过实测电动势（E），t-E关系曲线，溶液可见光吸收谱及其λ－A关系曲线，阐明硫化物与Cr^6＋溶液间的界面行为机理。认为其界面行为过程为；硫化物溶解→离子反应（氧化还原）→吸附Cr^3 。该原电池与一般原电池结构不同，其主要差别在于将反应电极和测量电极分开，从而解决电极反应过程中的浓度极化问题，提高了电化学实验的精度。该研究成果有助于揭示矿物－液体相互作用机理，完善和丰富表面矿物学研究内容，深化化界面成矿理论，并对环境治理，矿物材料应用等开发领域具有重要的参考价值。