Assessment of Water Quality in the Elbe River at Low Water Conditions Based on Factor Analysis

An assessment of water quality measurements during a long‐lasting low water period in the Elbe River is presented. Weekly samples were taken from May to December 2003 at a sampling site in the middle part of the Elbe River. For multivariate data analysis, 34 parameters of 46 samplings were considered. As a result of this analysis, 78% of the variance of the data set is explained by five factors. They can be assigned to the following latent variables: season (37.5%) > tributaries (12.7%) > re‐suspension (10.4%) > discharge (9.4%) > complexation (8.5%). For the investigated sampling site, two key processes were identified as dominating factors on the water quality during low water conditions. First, seasonal phytoplankton development caused changes in redox conditions with consequences for re‐solution of pollutants from sediments. Second, tributaries have a higher impact on the main stream, due to changes in mixing processes. Therefore, in addition to flood investigations, monitoring strategies, and management plans should be developed in order to survey changes in water quality during low water conditions.     

基于GIS的伊犁河流域生态环境质量评价与动态分析

生态环境质量评价是一项综合性、系统性研究工作,是合理开发利用资源、制定经济社会可持续发展规划和生态环境建设与保护对策的前提和基础。借助GIS技术,以县级行政区划为单元,利用2002和2004年遥感监测数据,运用综合指数评价法,从生物丰度、植被盖度、水网密度、土地退化和污染负荷5个方面,对伊犁河流域8县1市的环境质量现状进行了评价,结果表明:各县级行政区生态环境质量总体较为均衡,均处于一般等级水平,其中流域上游的新源县、巩留县和特克斯县相对较好。在此基础上探讨了生态环境质量综合评价指标体系在干旱区的适用性,比较分析2年期间不同生态环境质量等级的土地覆盖变化,数据表明伊犁河流域生态环境质量呈现"局部有所改善、总体缓慢退化"的趋势,并分析了研究区生态环境质量变化的内在原因。     

Reassessment of flood frequency using historical information for the River Ouse at York,UK (1200–2000)

Abstract

The reassessment of flood risk at York, UK, is pertinent in light of major flooding in November 2000, and heightened concerns of a perceived increase in flooding nationally. Systematic flood level readings from 1877 and a wealth of documentary records dating back as far as 1263 AD give the City of York a long and rich history of flood records. This extended flood record provides an opportunity to reassess estimates of flood frequency over a time scale not normally possible within flood frequency analysis. This paper re-evaluates flood frequency at York, considering the strengths and weaknesses in estimates resulting from four contrasting methods of analysis and their corresponding data: (a) single-site analysis of gauged annual maxima; (b) pooled analysis of multi-site gauged annual maxima; (c) combined analysis of systematic annual maxima augmented with historical peaks, and (d) analysis of only the very largest peaks using a Generalized Pareto Distribution. Use of the historical information was found to yield risk estimates which were lower and considered to be more credible than those achieved using gauged records alone.

Citation Macdonald, N. & Black, A. R. (2010) Reassessment of flood frequency using historical information for the River Ouse at York, UK (1200–2000). Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1152–1162.     

清水冲刷条件下长江中游沙卵石河段局部卵石淤积成因

为探究三峡水库持续下泄清水条件下长江中游沙卵过渡段内卵石局部冲刷、搬运和淤积现象的成因,采用近期水文、泥沙和地形观测资料,结合河道平面二维水动力模型,计算了研究河段内各级流量下的泥沙起动粒径分布,分析了上游来流、下游水位变化的影响,辨析了河床冲淤的成因。结果表明:①45 000 m³/s以上流量时,粒径大于30 mm的卵石可沿洪水主流带连续搬运;流量低于15 000 m³/s时,大粒径卵石只能沿枯期主流在浅滩河段局部搬运;流量介于两者之间时,水流对大粒径卵石的输移动力相对较弱。②三峡建库后,洪水量级削减而枯水天数增多,不利于卵石长距离下移,而水位下降不断溯源传递,促使枯水流路上原本稳定的区域开始冲刷。③局部淤积现象由枯期水动力增强所导致,与长江中游沙卵过渡段特殊的地貌和沉积环境有关。卵石局部冲淤调整可能在河段内多个位置长期存在,需引起关注。     

珠江河口西南风强迫下潮流场的数值模拟

采用Backhaus三维斜压模型模拟了均匀西南风场对珠江口近岸海域的影响，并与无风情况作了对比；通过对珠江河口盐度场及风生环流的分析比较，结果表明，模型较为真实地再现了夏季珠江河口的水动力学特性。     

Characteristics and origin of carbon isotopes of n-alkanes in crude oils from the western Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China sea

The quantitative characterization of carbon isotopes of n-alkanes is commonly carried out in organic geochemical studies. Possible controls on carbon isotopes include source organic matter, maturity, fractionation during oil expulsion and migration, and the mixing of different oils. In this study of the origin of crude oils in the western Pearl River Mouth Basin, the influences of all of these factors have been considered in reaching a conclusion. Carbon isotopes of n-alkanes in the crude oils, and the extracts of the two effective source rocks (the Wenchang and Enping formations) in the basin, exhibit clear differences. The Wenchang source rocks have heavy δ¹³C values that remain almost constant or become slightly heavier with increasing carbon number. The Enping source rocks have light δ¹³C values that become lighter with increasing carbon number. Two groups of oils in this area were identified based on the carbon isotopes of the n-alkanes; groupIoils are similar to extracts of the Wenchang source rocks. However, the groupIIoils are different from both the Wenchang and Enping source rocks and the carbon isotopic profiles of their n-alkanes exhibit a “V” feature with increasing carbon number. The results of artificial thermal maturation experiments indicate that, from the early stage to the peak stage of oil generation (with EasyRo between 0.64% and 1.02%), the δ¹³C values of n-alkanes in the pyrolysis oils become heavier by about 3‰ with increasing thermal maturity, but the shape of the carbon isotopic profiles are not significantly changed. Calculated δ¹³C values of n-alkanes in “mixed” artificial pyrolysis oils indicate that the mixture of oils generated from the same source rocks with different maturities could not change the carbon isotopic profile of the n-alkanes, however, a mixing of the Wenchang and Enping oils could give the “V” feature in the profiles, similar to the groupIIoils in this area. The groupIIoils appear to be mixed Wenchang and Enping oils, the latter being the dominant component in the mixture. We conclude that the source organic matter and the degree of mixing are the main factors controlling the carbon isotopic characteristics of n-alkanes in crude oils in the western Pearl River Mouth Basin.     

末次冰盛期后黄河三角洲沉积物的磁性特征及其沉积环境

On the basis of measuring the magnetic parameters of sediment in Core YDZ1, combined with a grain size analysis and Carbon-14 dating, the magnetic properties of sediment and sedimentary environment in the Huanghe(Yellow River) Delta area after the last glacial maximum have been studied. The results show that the ferrimagnetic minerals of a pseudo single domain and multi domain particles dominate the magnetic properties of sediment in Core YDZ1. The imperfect anti ferrimagnetic minerals have more contribution on sediment in a depth of 24.0–22.1 m, and more stable-single domain and pseudo single domain particles exist. The susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization and the ratio of the susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization to saturation isothermal remanent magnetization show a decrease trend below depth of 24 m, a marked increase trend in a depth of 24.0–13.5 m, and a rapid decrease at depth of 13.5 m, then a fluctuation trend upward. The above two magnetic parameters and the ratio of the susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization to the mass susceptibility can be regarded as the proxy indicators for the content of clay(4 μm)and the fine-grained size(32 μm). The sedimentary environment after the last glacial maximum in the Huanghe Delta area has experienced the fluvial facies, the tidal flat facies, the neritic facies, the pro delta facies, the delta front facies and the floodplain facies. Thickness of the Holocene transgression layer is 10.5 m and the depth of substrate is about 24 m according to the YDZ1 core. The sedimentary dynamic has a variation trend with strongweak-strong, which has been proved by the Flemming triangular schema.     

2007 年长江口邻近海域夏季上升流演变机制研究

研究长江口邻近海域夏季上升流强度和空间分布的变化,对渔业生产和赤潮的防治具有重要的指导意义.采用2007年6~10月高分辨率卫星遥感资料 NGSST 海表温度和 CCMP 风场,通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解和区域海洋数值模式(ROMS)研究了该海域夏季上升流的短期演变机制及其与 SST 异常的关系.结果表明,夏季上升流强度和范围存在明显变化,是引起该海域 SST 异常的重要原因;风场对上升流短期演变起着关键作用,风应力旋度对局地上升流变化的影响与沿岸风应力同等重要;地形变化影响着上升流中心的分布,陡而窄的海底凸起容易在顺流侧形成较强的上升流中心,并在逆流侧诱发下降流.     

长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生情况、危害效应与演变趋势

长江口及其邻近海域是我国近海有害藻华高发区之一。自2000年以来,由东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)等甲藻形成的大规模有害藻华连年暴发,对海水养殖业、人类健康和生态安全构成了严重威胁。以往调查和研究工作表明,长江口及其邻近海域藻华优势类群近年来已由硅藻逐渐转变为甲藻,同时,有害藻华原因种也表现出明显的年际变异特征和有毒有害藻种增多的态势,亟待解析其演变机理、趋势和驱动因素。长江口及其邻近海域受长江径流影响,富营养化问题突出,是大规模有害藻华形成的重要原因。同时,该海域也受到来自台湾东北部黑潮分支的影响,但对其与有害藻华的关系所知甚少。在中国科学院战略性先导科技专项"热带西太平洋海洋系统物质能量交换及其影响"支持下,针对这一问题开展了较为系统的调查和研究工作,本文对研究中得到的科学认识进行了初步总结。结果表明:东海黑潮分支能够到达长江口及其邻近海域赤潮区,影响该海域赤潮生物多样性状况;黑潮分支对长江口及其邻近海域甲藻赤潮发生过程具有重要调控作用;长江冲淡水和黑潮分支的共同作用决定了长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生过程和演变趋势。在现有结果基础上进一步分析和讨论了未来长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的研究方向,以期为进一步解析有害藻华演变趋势、提升有害藻华的监测和预警能力提供依据。     

粉质土海底边界层动态演化过程波浪水槽实验

The objectives of this study are carried out a series of controlled large wave flume experiments using fine-grained sediment from the Huanghe River Delta, exploring the complete sequence of sediment behavior in the bottom boundary layer(BBL) during wave-induced liquefaction. The results show that:(1) The BBL in silty seabed is exposed to a progressive wave, goes through a number of different stages including compaction before liquefaction, sediment liquefaction, and compaction after liquefaction, which determines the range and thickness of BBL.(2) With the introduction of waves, first, the sediment surface has settled by an amount S(S=1–2 cm) in the course of wave loadings with an insufficient accumulation of pore water pressure. And a thin high concentration layer formed the near-bed bottom.(3) Once the liquefaction sets in, the liquefied sediment with an ‘orbital motion' and the sub-liquefied sediment form a two-layer-sediment region. The range of BBL extends downwards and stopped at a certain depth, subsequently, develops upwards with the compaction process. Meanwhile, resuspended sediments diffuse to the upper water column.(4) During the dynamics process of the BBL beneath progressive waves, the re-suspended sediment increment ranked as sediment liquefaction erosion before liquefaction compaction after liquefaction.